Lecture One NWTC Anat

cranial cavity

houses the brain

vertebral cavity

houses the spinal cord

pericardial cavity

houses the heart

pleural cavities

house the lungs

superior mediastinum

houses the trachea, esophagus, and great vessels

abdominal cavity

houses the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and portions of the colon and intestine (major blood vessels also)

pelvic cavity

houses the urinary and internal reproductive organs

3 serous membranes

pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal membranes

pericardium

double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

pleura

double-layered membrane surrounding each lung

peritoneum

double-layered membrane surrounding most abdominopelvic organs

serous membrane function

produces serous fluid to decrease friction as organs move

parietal layer

lines the cavity (outer)

visceral layer

lines the organ (inner)

parietal pericardium

lines the pericardial cavity

visceral pericardium

clings to the surface of the heart

parietal pleura

lines the pleural cavity

visceral pleura

clings to the surface of the lungs

parietal peritoneum

lines the surface of the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral peritoneum

clings to the surface of most abdominopelvic organs

ventral cavity

where all serous membranes are found

pleural effusion

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (infection/inflammation)

calcaneal

heel

sural

calf

scapular

shoulder blade

perineal

region between the anus and external genitalia

olecranal

posterior surface of elbow

popliteal

back of knee

fibular

side of leg

femoral

thigh

pollex

thumb

lumbar

loin

sacral

region between the hips

inguinal

groin

buccal

cheek

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

crural

leg

tarsal

ankle

acromial

point of shoulder

antecubital

anterior surface of elbow

mental

chin

occipital

base of skull

patellar

anterior knee

palmar

palm

frontal

forehead

orbital

bony eye socket

digital

fingers and toes

oral

mouth

cephalic

head

brachial

arm

axillary

armpit

antebrachial

forearm

hallux

great toe

umbilical

navel

thoracic

chest

sternal

breastbone

pubic

genital region

pelvic

pelvis

pedal

foot

carpal

wrist

nasal

nose

abdominal

anterior body trunk inferior to ribs

manus

hand

mammary

breast region

dorsum

back

gluteal

buttocks

plantar

sole of foot

vertebral

spinal column

homeostatic imbalance

disease or condition

irritability

ability to respond to a stimulus

stimulus

a change in the environment

viscera

internal organs

ventral

front

clavical

collar bone

3 functions of cytoskeleton

supports organelles, allows cell movement, helps cell maintain its shape

intermediate filaments

provide tensile strength

microfilaments

cell movement and muscle contraction

microtubules

form the mitotic spindle and maintain cell shape

lysosomes

contain sacs of digestive enzymes

ribosomes

protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

lipid synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

modifies and packages proteins created by attached ribosomes

mitochondria

ATP production

peroxisomes

contain sacs of oxidase enzymes

centrioles

organize the mitotic spindle

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes that modify and repackage proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without that does NOT require ATP

gradient

difference between 2 adjacent areas

4 types of gradients

pressure, concentration, electrical, partial pressure

4 types of passive transport

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

3 types of active transport

solute pumping, endocytosis, exocytosis

simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

facilitated diffusion

movement of specific molecules that requires an ion channel or carrier molecule

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water by osmosis

hypertonic solution

solution with a higher concentration of solute than cell

hypotonic solution

solution with a lower concentration of solute than cell

isotonic solution

solution with the same concentration of solute than cell

crenation

when cell shrinks due to hypertonic solution