Haywood Chapter 6: Throwing, Kicking, Punting & Striking Development

What do researchers assess when measuring throwing?

accuracy, distance, and velocity

What are components of the developmental sequence of throwing?

trunk action, humerus and forearm action, shoulder rotation

What is a characteristic of an unskilled thrower?

homolateral step

How many combinations of trunk, humerus, and forearm components were observed in the 2002 study?

14

What do developmental sequences for throwing address?

distance rather than accuracy

What type of constraint is distance when kicking a ball long?

task

What is a component of the developmental sequence of punting for a skilled punter?

early drop from chest height

What is the common result when very young children first attempt to strike a ball at waist level?

The motion looks like an overarm strike.

What skill is used for a volleyball serve, tennis serve, and golf swing?

striking

How did older adults' throwing form compare over 7 years in the study?

They remained relatively consistent in form.

What is characteristic of proficient kicking?

Thigh rotates forward, and knee straightens; arms move in opposition to legs.

What type of action do very young children's throws primarily consist of?

arm action

What is characteristic of proficient overarm throwing?

differentiated trunk rotation and lag of the upper arm behind trunk rotation

What is the most advanced step in the backswing of the overarm throw?

a circular, downward backswing

What body components show sex differences in overarm throwing among children?

trunk action and arm action

What is characteristic of early kicking?

leg action

What are characteristics of early punting attempts?

holding knee bent, tossing ball up, kicking with toes

What is characteristic of proficient punting?

using arms in opposition to legs after the ball is dropped

What is characteristic of proficient sidearm striking?

step into the hit, differentiated trunk rotation, arm extension before contact

What happens when changing from a throw for distance to a throw for accuracy?

Transition to lower steps in developmental sequences.

What is a problem with using throw for distance as a gauge of throwing development?

Score reflects body size and strength as well as skill.

What does research on tennis serve in older adults show?

Little change in coordination during older adult years.

What is true about the golf swing in older males compared to younger males?

Maintenance of ball speed.

What is block rotation in trunk rotation during throwing?

Lower trunk and upper trunk rotate together as a unit.

What is the developmental transition for trunk action in sidearm striking?

block rotation followed by differentiated rotation.

What is the developmental transition for arm action in punting?

no use of arms, arm movement in opposition, bilateral arm movement.

What is the developmental transition for the nonpunting leg in punting?

short step, long step, leap.

What do very young children's early attempts at sidearm striking resemble?

early attempts at throwing overhand.

What have longitudinal studies shown about throws in older adults?

Developmental level is relatively stable.

What is a valid way to gauge throwing development?

Record accuracy hitting a target from a short distance.

What grip do young children often use in striking tasks?

open grip.

What is true about the development of throwing and overarm striking?

Differences exist in elbow action.

What is true about racket lag and trunk rotation in proficient overarm striking?

They are characteristic of proficient overarm striking.

What has research shown about children at advanced levels of upper arm and forearm action?

They can be advanced before using trunk rotation.

What is true about older adults' performance in developmental sequences for overarm throws?

They perform at lower levels.

What has been shown about intervention programs for young children?

They improve locomotor skills, object control skills, and overall skill.

What gender differences were observed in a competitive program for aspiring athletes?

No differences in foot and trunk action.

What was the outcome of practice throwing for 10- to 15-year-olds with Down syndrome?

More accurate throwing compared to a control group.