cell bio lab midterm

(T/F) Light microscopes are relatively simple and are often used even at the introductory level of biology.

True

Which part of the microscope is used to roughly bring the specimen into focus?

Coarse Adjustment (knob)

What part of the microscope is the flat surface where slides are placed for viewing?

Stage

(T/F) Two types of electron microscope are scanning and transmission.

True

What special tool do we use to count cells?

Hemacytometer

What is an abstract?

a summary of the article

What is the discussion?

Draws conclusions and offers alternative explanations

What are the results?

data and Data analysis

What is the introduction?

the background information and hypothesis

What are the materials and methods?

Detailed account of how the experiments were performed

A _______________ article is a scientific literature source that is written by people who actually performed the experiments and are presenting their own data

primary

What is the order of metric units?

pico < nano < micro < milli

A _______________article summarizes and analyzes the work of several different groups of scientists

Secondary/Review

Which stem cell is able to form every type of cell in the body? 

Totipotent

(T/F) HL-60 cells ARE stem cells.

False

HL-60 cells treated with PMA will differentiate into which cell type? 

Monocytes

What does PMA stand for?

Phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate

HL-60 cells treated with DMSO will differentiate into which cell type? 

Granulocytes

Enzymes called______________ are special proteases that cleave DNA and cellular components into fragments during apoptosis

Caspases

(T/F) Necrosis is programmed cell death while Apoptosis is cell death in response to injury. 

False

Which two chemicals were we using with HL-60 cells and which cell types will they differentiate into?

Chemical: PMA; cell type: monocytes

Chemical: DMSO; cell type: granulocytes

We used the May-Grunwald/Giemsa staining procedure to view changes in the cells’

morphology

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into multiple cell types, but is restricted to a specific lineage/system?

multipotent

(T/F) The 3 steps in PCR is denaturation, annealing, extending.

True

What is a primer in Polymerase Chain Reaction?

A short, single stranded oligonucleotide that is sequence specific for a desired region of interest

(T/F) Beta actin is one of the most abundant proteins found in eukaryotic cells.

true

cDNA is made typically in order to see change in what? 

transcription

What does PCR stand for and what do we use it for? 

Polymerase Chain Reaction; to amplify a segment of DNA.

What happens during the PCR step extension?

Addition of nucleic acid bases complementary to a template strand, to the end of an oligonucleotide primer by Taq polymerase

What happens during the PCR step called denaturation?

Process of splitting the hydrogen bonds between complementary strands of DNA to form single strands

What happens during the PCR step called annealing?

Paring of short strands of DNA or RNA by hydrogen bonding to form complementary double-stranded sequences targeting your gene of interest

(T/F) In order to view our PCR results we'll use gel electrophoresis a method for separating molecules based on size and charge.

True

(T/F) In our lab, we use agarose gels to separate proteins

False

MMP-9 is a member of a family of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, released by monocytes that digest _______________, in order to improve cell motility during immune response.

Proteins in the extracellular matrix.

Why do we use polyacrylamide gels for proteins instead of agarose?

They provide better resolution of molecular separation.

What is an example of a substrate of MMP-9?

gelatin

What’s the function of glycerol in sample loading dyes?

Makes the sample dense so it stays in the wells of the gel

What do matrix metalloproteases do?

Break down proteins in the extracellular matrix

(T/F) Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is positive charged detergent

False

(T/F) In our lab, we'll use polyacrylamide gels to separate proteins

True

What electrical charge is a protein?

It depends on the amino acid composition of the protein (and other fun factors).

Using SDS-PAGE, we can view:

Total protein content

When we load our samples into a gel, we add loading dye that contains_____________. This makes our samples denser and allows them to sit in the well of the gel, rather than dissipating into the running buffer

Glycerol