PSY 139H Midterm Part 2

Dysfunctional Perfectionism

1. related to avoidance motivation

→ associated with exercise extremes 

→ either becoming exercise dependent [constantly trying to achieve their goals] 

→ OR physically inactive [become disheartened and lose motivation when unable to achieve perfectionistic standards]

correlated with higher levels of cognitive state anxiety and higher levels of somatic state anxiety, also associated with fear of failure and fear of experiencing embarrassment

Two primary situational considerations for need achievement theory

Probability of success

Incentive value of success

Which of the following does the achievement motivation include (midterm asks for does not include)

Achievement motivation refers to an athlete’s efforts to master a specific task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, perform better than others, and take pride in exercising talent

Task orientation

focus on comparing performance w/ personal standards and personal improvement  → improvement relative to past performances 

Ego goal orientation

comparing performance with and defeating others

What view of motivation is primarily a function of individual characterisitcs

Trait centered view

What are the three factors of achievement theory

achievement goals, interpretation of environmental demands [achievement behavior], and perceived ability

Achievement goals

achievement goals = ego-oriented goals, task oriented goals

Perceived ability

high/low perceived ability or competence

Achievement behavior

performance, effort, persistence, task choice [realistic/unrealistic tasks or opponents] 

What motivation theory influences feelings of self-esteem, competence and control

Competence motivation theory

True or false

ttributions to internal factors and to factors in an individual's control (e.g., ability or effort) rather than to external factors or factors outside individual’s control (e.g., luck or task difficulty), do NOT often result in emotional reactions (e.g., pride or shame)

False

True or False

When defining motivation, the intensity of effort refers to how much effort a person puts forth in a particular situation

True

True or False

 To enhance motivation, you must analyze and respond not only to a player’s personality but also to the interaction of personal and situational characteristics

True

The interactional view of motivation claims that motivation is an interaction of

1. participant [e.g. personality, needs, interests, and goals] and situational factors [coach or teacher’s style or win-loss record of a team] 

 the athlete’s personality and a particular situation the athlete must confront 

What does attribution theory focus on

How athletes explain their successes and failures 

True or False

 Task goal orientation focuses on comparing performance with personal standards and personal improvement is a task goal-orientation

True

Increased arousal and state anxiety also influence athletic performance to changes in what

Attention, concentration, and visual search patterns

High trait anxiety and what are related to heightened state anxiety reactions in athletes

Low self esteem

State anxiety and what narrow a persons attentional field, decrease in environmental scanning, and cause a shift to the dominant attention style and to inappropriate cues 

Arousal

What is the term that describes the moment to moment changes in perceived an athlete’s  physiological response

Somatic state anxiety

What term describes an athlete’s general level of anxiety that stays relatively stable over time [part of personality, acquired behavioral tendency or disposition that influences behavior]

Trait anxiety

A context-related source of stress

variables such as presence of an audience, specific properties of the task itself, opponents, team cohesion and motivational climate.

→ common sources of context-related stress are the importance placed on an event or context

→ AND the uncertainty that surrounds the outcome of that event

Arousal is a blend of psychological and physiological activity in a person, and it refers to the intensity of what

Dimensions of motivation at a particular moment

Inverted u hypothesis

as arousal increases, so too does performance up to an optimal point where best performance results, this means performance levels will be at their highest level at the optimal point of arousal

What is the correct order of the four interrelated stages of stress? 

→ Environmental demand

→ Perception of demand

→ Stress response

→ Behavioral consequences

What is defined as a substantial imbalance between demand [physical and/or psychological] and response capability, under conditions where failure to meet that demand has important consequences

Stress

Increased arousal and state anxiety also influence athletic performance through changes in what

Attention, concentration, and visual search patterns.

True or false

 Increased arousal and state anxiety cause increased muscle tension and fatigue and can interfere with coordination

True

ncreased arousal influences athletic performance through what

Through changes in attention, concentration, and visual search patterns

When an athlete looks forward to a competition, while another dreads the upcoming event, this is an example of

Subjective competitive situation

Rewards that people perceive as controlling their behavior or as suggesting that they are not competent decreases what

Decreases intrinsic motivation and feelings of competence

Motivational feedback attempts to facilitate performance by enhancing what, inspiring greater effort and energy expenditure, and creating a positive mood 

Confidence

True or false

Harmonious passion is a strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one’s identity

True

What is used to describe a fully controllable desire to participate in an activity that becomes part of one’s identity 

Harmonious passion

Used to define the balance between perceived skill and challenge 

Flow

Which of the following factors can prevent and disrupt flow

a. Self doubt

B. Loss of concentration

C. fatigue

D Injury

E All of the above

All of the above

A key feature in a multimodal anxiety reduction programs is that they help participants develop what

coping skills for managing a wide variety of problems emanating from different stressful situations

True or false

rogressive relaxation technique involves tensing and relaxing specific muscles from one major muscle group to the next until all muscle groups are completely relaxed 

true

Teaches you to quiet the mind, concentrate, and reduce muscle tension  

The relaxation response

Cognitive affective stress management training program (SMT)

It is a skills program that teaches an athlete a specific integrated coping response using relaxation and cognitive components to control emotional arousal. It also teaches cognitive restructuring skills to identify and restructure irrational thoughts or stress inducing negative self-talk related to a fear of failure

Cognitive restructuring attempts to

 identify irrational or stress-inducing self-statements, which are typically related to the fear of failure and disapproval

Problem focused coping

Involves efforts to alter or manage the problem that is causing stress

→ includes behaviors as information gathering, making precompetition and competition plans, goal setting, time management, problem solving, increasing effort, self-talk, and adhering to an injury rehabilitation program 

Emotion focused coping skills

→ regulating emotional responses to problem that causes stress

→ includes meditation, relaxation, wishful thinking, reappraisal, self-blame, mental and behavioral withdrawal, and cognitive efforts to change meaning of situation

What principle of imagery and theory vividly imagines events that produces intervention and muscles is similar to intervention by practicing a specific athlete movement

Psychoneuromuscular theory & ideomotor principle of imagery:

What does symbolic learning theory suggest

imagery may function as a coding system to help people understand and acquire movement patterns

True or false

When using imagery, two keys to good images are vividness and controllability

True

What term describes when an athlete imagines themselves to be in a general setting that is highly motivating, such as receiving a medal—need to double check which type of motivational imagery, since highly motivating is associated with specific, not general 

Motivation imagery

Controllability

Means that athletes should learn how to manipulate images to produce the desired outcome

What theory says that an image is a functionally organized set of propositions stored by the brain

Bioinformational theory

What are the three main propositions of the bioinformational theory

Stimulus

Response

Meaning

Stimulus propositions

Statements that describe specific stimulus features of the scenario to be imagined

Response propositions

Satements that describe the imager’s response to the particular scenario; designed to produce physiological activity

meaning propositions

Explain how the response to the stimulus is interpreted by the individual