Word classes

Countable nouns

Can be singular or plural (e.g. sister/sisters)

Mass nouns

Are not plural (e.g. money)

Collective noun

Refers to a group (e.g flock)

Proper noun

Names of people, places, organisations etc (usually starts with a Capital letter e.g. November)

Concrete noun

Something physical (e.g. pizza)

Abstract noun

An idea, feeling or concept (e.g. warmth)

Pronoun

Words that replace the noun

Personal pronoun

I, me, you, he, him, she, her, we, us, they, them, it

Possessive pronoun

Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, its

Reflexive pronoun

Ends in self or selves (e.g. ourselves)

Indefinite pronoun

General (e.g. someone, everyone, nobody, anything)

Interrogative pronoun

Asks a question (who, what, whose, which)

Relative pronoun

Connects a noun and a description (e.g. the musician WHO played the guitar)

Determiner

Word that clarifies what the noun is referring to (e.g. THAT painting is old)

Present verb

E.g. wait/waits

Past verb

e.g. waited

Simple verb

No helping verb (e.g. it, have, was, will) e.g. make

Continuous verb

e.g. making

Present perfect verb

uses have/has

Past perfect verb

With had

Auxiliary verb

Help another verb (e.g. I AM eating an apple)

Modal auxiliary verb

Certainty

Possibility (e.g. could)

Capability

Willingness

Necessity

Permission

Adverbs

Words that describe a verb (e.g. really enjoyed)

Adverb of manner

How an action is performed (e.g. quickly)

Adverb of place

Where the action occurred (e.g. here, there, home)

Adverb of time

When an action occurred (e.g. yesterday, soon)

Adverb of frequency

How often an action takes place (e.g. sometimes, often, rarely)

Adverb of degree/intensity

Extent of an action (e.g. extremely, pretty, a bit)

Adverb of attitude

Shows opinion/feeling on the statement they are making (e.g. fortunately)

Adverb of connection/ conjunctive adverb

Links two independent sentences together (e.g. however, therefore)

Adjectives

Words that describe nouns

Comparative form

Can be adjectives and adverbs, used to compare two things

1 syllable= er

2 syllables= ier

2+ syllables= more/less

Superlative form

Can be adjectives and adverbs, used to compare three or more things to show which has the highest/lowest degree of something

1 syllable= est

2 syllable= iest

3 syllable= most/least

Preposition

Show the relationship between noun and other words (e.g. in, after)

Preposition of place

Squirrel and box trick

Preposition of time

In, on, at, before, after, during, until

E.g. our meeting starts AT 3

Preposition of direction

To, into, onto, through, across, towards

E.g. she walked INTO the room

Preposition of means

How something is done (via, with, by, using)

Preposition of accompaniment

With

Preposition of possession

Relation to owner (of, to, with)

Article determiner

Show how specific a noun is (e.g. THE/ALAN’S keys)

Demonstrative determiner

Point out specific nouns ( THIS/THAT coffee)

Possessive determiner

Shows ownership/direct relationship (e.g. MY dog)

Quantifier determiner

Tells you how many (roughly) of a noun (e.g. some, many, no)

Number determiner

Tells the mathematical amount of a noun (e.g. she bought SEVEN apples)

Question determiner

Asks a question about the noun (e.g. which, what, whose)

Conjuction

Word that connects clauses (it was raining BUT it wasn’t cold)

Coodinating conjuction

Connect clauses with equal weight (FANBOYS- e.g. I wanted to go but I was tired)

Subordinating conjunction

Word that connects an independent clause to a dependent clause (e.g. because, although, when)

Pre-modification

Putting something before the noun (e.g. the old hotel)

Post modification

Putting something after the noun (e.g. the hotel with the dirty windows)

4 moods of main clauses

Declaratice

Imperative

Interrogative

Exclamatory

Declarative

Declares something to make a statement

Imperative

Commands someone to do something

Interrogative

Question- to seek information

Exclamatory

Exclaiming something, to show emotion/opinion

Dynamic verb

A doing word (e.g. run)

Stative verb

State of being (e.g. am, was)

Perception verb

How something seems- often to do with sense (e.g. appears, feels, taste)

Adverbial

Gives you more information about the verb (e.g. she ran WITH GREAT SPEED)

Phrasal verb

Made up of a verb and one or more participle (often a preposition or adverb)

Infinitive

The base form of a verb- does not show tense (e.g. to run)

Two main types of auxiliary verbs

Modal auxiliaries

Primary auxiliaries

What makes up a verb phrase

Auxiliary verb + main verb

Primary auxiliaries

Show aspect (if something is finished or ongoing)

Perfect aspect

When something is done- the dynamic verb ends in ed/en (e.g. has, had)

Progressive aspect

When something is ongoing- the dynamic verb ends in ing (e.g. is, was)

Present progressive

Auxiliary contains both en and ing

Regular verbs

Verbs that become past tense by added ed/d

Irregular verbs

Verbs that become past tense by the vowels changing

Morphology

Study or morphemes

Syntax

Study of phrases, clauses and sentences

What are clauses centered around

Verb phrase

Core clause elements

Subject

Object

Complement

Adverbial

Subject

Thing that performs or experiences the verb

Object

Thing affected by the transitive verb (action)

Complement

Word/phrase that completes the meaning of the sentence

Adverbial

Word, phrase or clause that modifies the verb or adjective by giving details (5 w’s, how/ how often)

Direct object

Directly receives the action of a verb

(What)

Indirect object

Receives direct object

(Whom- for a sentence to have an indirect object it must have a direct object)

Active voice

Subject performs the action directly

Passive voice

Subject receives the action

Modifier

Word, phrase or clause that describes, changes or add detail to a word

Qualifier

Adjusts the strength, degree or certainty of another word