Week 2 - Nervous System Review and Proprioception

define

exteroception

interoception

proprioception

somatosensory system

Exteroception

 Information about the external environment

 Interoception

 Information about the internal environment

 Proprioception

 Body’s ability to transmit position sense

 Somatosensory System

 CNS concerned with conscious perception of touch, pressure, proprioception, pain,

vibration and temperature

 Mechanoreceptors

 Specialized afferent nerve endings that respond to mechanical stimulation (pressure, tension and vibration)

 Nociception:

 Painful stimuli

 Thermo/chemoreception:

 Temperature changes

whats the difference between afferent and efferent divisions

The afferent division of the PNS relays

sensory information from external stimuli

to the CNS.

The efferent division is responsible

effecting changes through motor

commands to the specific muscles and

glands.

afferent: info in

efferent: info out

between afferent and efferent signals which are ascending and descending

afferent: information into CNS, ascending

efferent: signals an affector, descending

difference between dermatome and cutaneous innervation

derm: area of skin supplied by single nerve root

cutaneous: area of skin supplied by specefic nerve bund;e

what are the four different areas of pain perception in the cortex

1. primary sensory cortex

2. secondary cortex

3. anterior part of insula

4. the cingulate gyrus

what is the thalamus

the central switching station of the brain

several of its multiple nuclei are concerned with pain

what is sympathetic NS meant for

flight or fight response

thoracolumbar outflow (T1-L2)

SMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA RUN ALONG ADJACENT SIDES OF SPINAL COLUMN

SUPPLIES BLOOD VESSELS ORGANS ETC

what is paraympathetic NS

cranio-sacral outflow

supplies digestive organs, heart, lungs, liver, gall bladder, kidneys,uterus, heart, eye

ganglions are located near the effector organs

• collections of nerve cell bodies which synapse before reaching the organ

whats proprioception

the bodys ability to sense position and movement

mechanoreceptors are contained within the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons

ABC of Proprioception

• agility

• balance

• coordination

what is touch regulated by

merkels discs/nerve endings and meissenrs corpuscles

• type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors

• slow reacting

what are ruffini and pacinian corpucsles?

type II cutaneous echanoreceptors

rapid reacting

what are muscle spindles and cogli tendon organs

muscle spindles most important mechanoreceptor for proprioception

muscle spindles: sense muscle length and stretch

GTG: in tendon, sense tension in tendon, responsible for deep tendon reflex

what are joint receptors what are the types

within connective tissue of the joint capsule

ruffini: located on flexion side of the joint, respond to sustained pressure, and extension with joint rotation

pacinian: pressure and vibration

golgi-mazzoni capsules: sense joint compression

3 l3vels of response to proprioception

spinal cord: primary for safety mechanism, fastest response time

brain stem; PRIMARY PROPRIOCEPTOR centre

cerebral cortex: slowest response, highet level of purposeful use of proprioception

what senses does balance integrate

visual (10)

vestibular (20)

proprioception(70)

what should static balance be evaluated with

• rhombergs test : feet apart standing forward

• stork stance: stand on one foot

• tandem stance: one foot infront of other

what do we use to evaluate dynamic balance

gait

feel/ toe walk

tandem walking

above with vestibular alterations

what is coordination

compex series of neurological networks connecting multiple limbs

smooth patterning between muscles with appropriate timina and activation intensity

repitition is important for automation of highly coordinated movements

whats agility

ability to control the direction of the body or segment during rapid movement

as with all rehab exercises, begin with simple and advance to complex agility drills