UNIT 2 - figures

Ivan Pavlov (what 2 figures idolized him, what did he believe ALL behavior originated from? (what did he reject vs. advocate for)

• Idolized by Skinner & Watson

• Skeptical of new psych.

• All behavior = neural reflexes–physiology, rejected psychology

Ivan Pavlov: early life/career (family, nationality, what was his original aspiration? What book changed his mind?), where did he go to school upon changing his study?

1. Born in Russia, first of 11 children

2. DIRT poor

3. Original aspiration to be a priest

   1. Read Darwin’s book (Origin of Species) at seminary

4. Left seminary, obtained full scholarship to attend Univ. of St. Petersburg

Ivan Pavlov: education & major contributions (where did he go to med school & get his doctorate? Who taught him (& what was his dissertation on study–what view did he have)? What prize did he win & when & for what? What did he DISCOVER in psychology? 

1. Medical School at Univ. of St. Petersburg–Doctorate in Physiology

   1. Student of Ivan Sechenov–studied psychic reflexes

      1. Reflexes of the Brain

         1. no psych. in reflexes, ONLY PHYSIOLOGY–positivistic, mechanistic, experimental

2. 1904 Nobel Prize for work in digestion 

3. Discovery of “conditioned reflexes” → principles of classical conditioning

Pavlov’s lab (what was it called (& why) ? Who provided him with the lab? Why?) 

1. “Tower of Silence” → Complete control of light/sound

   1. provided to him by Soviets

   2. Soviet desire to compete with AMERICAN SCIENCE → royal treatment of scientists; didn’t let Pavlov leave the country

PAVLOV’S LAB: What psych. school of thought links with communism and why?

• Behaviorism and communism

  • S → R framework = equal access/resources

Edwin Twitmeyer: education (student @..., doctoral in…, what did he research in his dissertation (& what was significant about it)? What is his research a case of (what influence does it play into?)?), what event did he present at?

1. Doctoral student in psychology at UPenn

   1. Dissertation research on patellar reflex & sound of bell–PAVLONIAN PRINCIPLES BEFORE PAVLOV

      1. Case of simultaneous discovery (naturalistic theory – the zeitgeist)

2. Presented a paper at the 1904 APA conference

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949): early life & education (original Ph.D from… in 2 subjects?; what (book) made him switch to psych.?; who did he study under INITALLY & what did they study?; where did he FINISH his Ph.D (& under who)?) MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS (curve & 2 laws)

1. Born in Williamsburg, MA

2. Harvard Ph.D in English & Philosophy

   1. Read Principles of Psychology by William James–SWITCHED TO PSYCH.

3. Student of William James

   1. studied learning in chicks 

4. Finishes Ph.D at Columbia with Cattell

5. LEARNING CURVES

   1. LAW OF EFFECT (behaviors followed by satisfying or pleasant outcomes are more likely to be repeated)

   2. LAW OF EXERCISE (connections between a stimulus and a response are strengthened through practice)

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949): dissertation (where was it published?) - what apparatus did he use for his experiments (what was its procedure)?

1. Dissertation in 1898 = watershed study of the new behaviorism

   1. Published in Science & Psychological Review

2. Apparatus = the Puzzle Box

   1. Constructed box with treadle, Thorndike opened the door when the cat stepped on it

Thorndike’s later career (where did he teach? What did he shift his research focus to? What association did he co-found? When was he president of APA?

• Faculty at teacher’s college - columbia

• Changed focus to educational psychology and “mental measurement”

  • Applied research in later years

• Co-founder (with Cattel) of the Psychological Association

• President of APA (1912)

John B. Watson (1878-1958) - early life (parent dynamic? original aspiration (mother’s desire)? Where did he enroll at 16 (& why?)? What did he do after graduating?)

1. Born & raised in rural south carolina

   1. Humble beginnings–local (unsuccessful) farmers

2. Religious mother, psychopathic father

   1. Mother wanted him to be a minister;

   2. Father left family when JBW was 12

3. Delinquent adolescent, arrested twice

4. Enrolled at Furman at age 16

   1. Graduated with honors, stayed on at Furman for a Master’s

5. Taught in one-room school for a year

John B. Watson (1878-1958) - where’s his Ph.D. from (how old was he & why was this significant for the school)? Who was his advisor (school of thought & dissertation topic?) What 2 jobs did he work (teaching job and leadership role (what kind of influence was this?)? What did he ADVOCATE for(in WHICH MAJOR PIECE of writing)? 

1. 1903: Ph.D. University of Chicago (25–YOUNGEST & FIRST psych. Ph.D. @ chicago)

   1. Advisor = James Rowland Angell–FUNCTIONALIST (adaptation; learning)

   2. Studied brains of rats who learned maze 

2. 1908: job @ Johns Hopkins

3. 1909: Editor of Psychological Review 

   1. PERSONALISTIC INFLUENCE, not naturalistic

4. 1913: “Behaviorist Manifesto” - Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It

   1. Argued that psych should ONLY study observable behavior 

   2. ADVOCATED FOR NEW BEHAVIORISM

5. 1915: President of American Psychological Association

Debate: William McDougall vs. John Watson (who debated what? Who WON?)

1. McDougall argued: Human behavior is influenced by innate tendencies toward thought and action.

   1. WON DEBATE

2. John Watson argued: Human behavior is learned, NO INNATE TENDENCIES

Watson, Rosalie Rayner, & Little Albert: affair scandal - what happened to his teaching position?

1. Rosalie Rayner = lab assistant

2. Watson’s wife (Mary) published love letters from Rosalie–fired from Johns Hopkis position

John B. Watson (1878-1958) - AFTER academia/affair scandal (where did he work, what did he write? Most significant writing (What did it tell parents to do?)?)

1. Worked for Thompson advertising agency in NYC–psych. in business

   1. Wrote about behaviorism in popular magazines and books

2. Psychological Care of the Infant and Child (1928) 

   1. (regrettably) highly influential

      1. No affection–treat kids like adults

   2. 1957 citation from APA

B.F. Skinner: early life and education (bachelors from…, what was his original aspiration? What made him switch to psych.?, father’s job?)

1. Born 1904 in PA

2. Bachelors from Hamilton College as an aspiring writer

   1. Discovered Watson and Pavlov’s books

3. Father was attorney

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) - where’s his Ph.D. from? Who was his advisor (main? supervisor?) What 2 concepts did he introduce (conditioning & what he used to test it - MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS) (what book introduced one of the concepts & How/where did he study the other concept)? What were his 2 inventions? What piece of writing made him a “household name”?

1. Ph.D., 1931, Harvard

   1. Advisor = William Crozier –ANIMAL STUDIES

   2. Supervisor = Edwin G. Boring–HUMAN STUDIES

2. introduced… 

   1. OPERANT CONDITIONING (a method of learning where voluntary behavior is shaped and modified by its consequences)

      1. Behavior of Organisms (1938)

   2. Schedules of reinforcement 

      1. studied in the “problem box”

         1. Varying intervals/frequencies of reinforcement

3. Inventor of… 

   1. Aircrib 

   2. teaching machine 

4. 1971: Beyond Freedom and Dignity

   1. made him a “household name”

Edward C. Tolman (what did he study (2 subjects)? At what school? Where did he enroll and take a psych. class (taught by who?)? What happened in 1949 at his institution (because of what)? 2 MAJOR CONTRIBUTION (concept & ___ behaviorism)

1. Studied math & engineering at MIT

2. Enrolled in Harvard & took a psych course with Hugo Munsterberg 

3. 1949, “year of the UC Oath”

   1. Red Scare–anti-communist loyalty

4. COGNITIVE MAPS (mental representation of env.)

5. PURPOSIVE BEHAVIORISM (study of behavior as goal-directed)

Julian Rotter (born in… to [what kind of religion]…, bachelors from…, Ph.D. from (year? Who was his advisor & why was he important?), where did he intern? Where did he teach after WWII (2 schools)? MAJOR CONTRIBUTION?

1. Born in Brooklyn to Jewish immigrants

2. Bachelors in psych. from Brooklyn College

3. Ph.D. in Indiana University (1939)

   1. Advisor = Chauncey M. Louttit–he wrote first social psych. Textbook

4. Intern at Worcester State Hospital (first class of interns)

5. After serving WWII, prof at OSU & UConn

6. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (human behavior learned through interaction with the environment, expectations, & prior exp.)

Albert Bandura (born in…, Bachelors from…, Ph.D. from (year? What did he train to become? Who was his ADVISOR (& why was he important)..., where was his lifelong career? When was he president of APA?) MAJOR THEORY (major study)?

1. Born in small town in Alberta, Canada

2. College at University of British Columbia

3. Ph.D. from University of Iowa (1952)

   1. Trained as a clinical psychologist 

   2. Advisor = Arthur Benton, a pioneer in neuropsychological assessment

4. Lifelong career at Stanford University

5. President of APA (1974)

6. SOCIAL COGNITION THEORY (people learn and shape their behavior by observing others)

   1. Bobo doll study

Franz Brentano - early life (occupation before psych.?; who was his student (at what university?) + MAJOR CONTRIBUTION (SCHOOL OF PSYCH.)

1. Priest, left church because of papal fallacy

2. Philosophy at Univ. of Vienna

   1. Student = FRUED 

3. ACT PSYCHOLOGY

Franz Brentano (school of thought? View of conscious perception? What (& who) did he REJECT?)

1. Act psychology: consciousness = ACTIVITY of the mind rather than contents

   1. CONSCIOUS perception = intentional/purposeful

      1. REJECTS Wundtian mind as a reagent

   2. Rebuttal to structuralism–mental activity rather than content/structure

Oswald Külpe (who was he a student under**) (school of thought? 2 concepts (mental images; decision-making) (+ what discovery they led to?)? What (& who) did he REJECT? - precursor to..?, student at…)

1. Student of Wundt**

2. Würzburg school: introspection by participants on higher level cognitive tasks

   1. Imageless thought: complex thoughts that can occur without sensory images–independent from sensation/feeling; unconscious associations/knowledge

   2. “Determining tendencies”: an unconscious mental process that automatically guides a person’s thoughts and behaviors once they receive an instruction/task

      1. Led to discovery of mental set & heuristics 

   3. REJECTS Wundt’s argument that we can’t introspect on higher level cognitive processes

      1. Most like/relevant to modern psych. Study

   4. PRECURSOR TO COGNITIVE SCIENCE

3. Univ. of Wertsberg

Cornell-Wurzburg controversy (main takeaway, what (& who) did it REJECT?)

1. showed introspection was unreliable as a scientific method–different laboratories produced conflicting results when studying consciousness.

   1. REJECTS Wundt’s introspection

   2. 1912: watson’s speech–ABANDONS COGNITION

Carl Stumpf - early life & significance (view of psych., gifted in what art? studied at..? with..?) - what kind of figure is he?**

1. Artistic, humanistic vision of psych.

2. Accomplished musician

   1. 6 different musical instruments by age 10

   2. Composed

1. Studied at University of Würzberg with Franz Brentano

2. ROOT FIGURE**

Carl Stumpf - education (Ph.D. (subject & school), book (main argument + what it rejected), what institute he founded)

1. Ph.D. in Philosophy, University of Gottingen 

2. 1883 book: Psychology of Tones

   1. Musicians hear music differently from non-musicians

   2. REJECTED INTROSPECTION on melodies–Music is NOT reducible to basic elements (AGAINST Wundtian psych.)

3. 1894: Founded the Institute of Psychology at University of Berlin (1894)

Hermann Ebbinghaus - education & research (Ph.D. from..? Taught at..? Research subject & duration?); BOOK?

1. 1873: doctorate in philosophy from the University of Bonn 

2. Teaching position at the University of Berlin (1880)

   1. No lab – independent scientist 

3. He served as his own subject in classic experiments on memory

   1. 5 years, 7 days/week

4. 1885: On Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology

Max Wertheimer - background, education (PhD, advisor), research (dissertation & new inspiration - what did he bring to the pitch?) + major contirbutions (what school of thought did he establish), where did he teach during WWII - why di dhe leave Germany?

1. Background: Wealthy Jewish German family;

2. Education: Ph.D. in 1904 at University of Würzburg under Oswald Külpe, researching lie detection.

3. Gestalt inspiration: On a train trip, noticed how stationary objects appeared to move as the train passed them. This sparked interest in perceived motion.

4. Research: Purchased a zoetrope and consulted Professor Schumann, who introduced him to Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.

5. Major contribution: Studied the phi phenomenon (illusion of apparent movement between stationary lights), helping establish Gestalt psychology.

   1. FOUNDER OF GESTALT PSYCH

6. Career: Fled Nazi Germany in 1933 and became a professor at the New School for Social Research in New York City.

7. Personal note: Known as an excellent lecturer and speaker, though a less prolific writer.

Max Wertheimer - Ph.D. (date & school); FOUNDER of..?; research topic?

1. 1904 Ph.D. at Würzburg with Külpe

2. FOUNDER OF GESTALT PSYCH.

   1. 1904: Ph.D. at Wurzburg with Oswald Kulpe on lie detection

3. Research on problem-solving strategies, Phi phenomenon

Kurt Koffka (taught at… what did he write about (what did he ARGUE/ADVOCATE for?)? What were his 2 MAJOR writings/contributions?

1. Smith College in MA

   1. Still limiting for Gestalt Psych. (small area of study)

2. Writer in Gestalt Psych. –ARGUED FOR GESTALT PRINCIPLES

   1. MAJOR theoretical review piece on Gestalt Psych.–published in Psychological Bulletin (dominated by Behaviorism at the time)

   2. MAJOR TEXTBOOK of Gestalt Psych.

Wolfgang Kohler: education (PhD advisor → ?? → ??) Background, Research subject (major book? accusations?), Career in US, & MAJOR CONTRIBUTION (type of learning)

1. Education: Earned Ph.D. under Carl Stumpf; subsequently worked with Schumann, where he met Wertheimer.

2. Major research: Studied chimpanzee intelligence and problem-solving on Tenerife (Canary Islands), 1913–1920.

   1. The Mentality of Apes — documented his chimpanzee studies.

3. WWI: A false rumor claimed he was a German spy.

4. Move to U.S.: Left Germany in 1935 after openly criticizing the Nazi government.

5. Career: Professor at Swarthmore College (no Ph.D. program, limiting Gestalt psychology's continuation).

6. APA president: 1959.

7. Major contribution: Insight learning — holistic approach to problem-solving rather than relying solely on trial and error.
   
   

Who was Kurt Lewin, (PhD under who? - what interrupted his education; where did he go during this time?) and what were his two major careers and contributions (theory & research center @ MIT - major research fiels?)?

1. Education: Enrolled at Freiburg (1909), transferred to University of Berlin to study medicine, then switched to psychology.

2. WWI: Interrupted education to serve in the German army; fought in the trenches in France and was wounded.

3. Ph.D.: Earned psychology Ph.D. in 1916 under Carl Stumpf.

4. Career 1 – Germany: Gestalt psychologist; faculty member at University of Berlin. Resigned in 1933 following Nazi persecution.

5. Career 2 – America: Academic refugee at Cornell; joined University of Iowa psychology department in 1935.

6. Major contribution: Field Theory (behavior is shaped by the interaction between an individual and their psychological environment.)

7. 1945: Founded the Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT

   1. experimental social psychology and the study of group behavior.

8. 1947: Died of a heart attack.

• Field Theory + Group Dynamics + Experimental Social Psychology.

Edwin Boring (1946) (published WHAT major paper (**student under… **first []/first to…) - what question did it raise?) 

• Publishes a paper on “Mind and Mechanism.”

  • Raises the question: What would a robot have to do to be considered intelligent?

1. STUDENT OF TITCHENER**

2. **FIRST HISTORIAN OF PSYCHOLOGY–wrote the first history of psychology.

Alan M. Turing (founder of [science discipline]… (what did he invent?); what kind of TEST is named after him (definition, what does it evaluate with? What GENRE did it give way to?) 

1. “Founder of COMPUTER SCIENCE”

   1. Invented computation system required to crack enigma code 

2. Turing test: test that evaluates whether a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a human

   1. Language evaluation

   2. SCIENCE FICTION–humanoid robots; cyborgs

George A. Miller (1920–2012) (parents’ professions? Both BA in… & MS in… from… (original aspiration?), what made him switch to psych.? Ph.D. from (school, year, research topic, advisor (why was he important?)…, What symposium did he present in?, when/where/with who does he go on sabbatical with?

1. Parents = christian scientists

2. B.A. (English), M.S. (communication?) from at Univ. of Alabama–wanted to be a writer

   1. Met a girl (female psych. major), started to attend her psych. Classes

   2. Professor Ramsdell offers him teaching position for intro. Psych.

3. 1946: Ph.D. in psych. from Harvard

   1. Wartime research on morse code–subjects = “communication channels”; stage model of memory

   2. Advisor = S.S. Stevens–interested in engineering and psychoacoustics

      1. SCALING IN PSYCH.

4. Participates in the Symposium on Information Theory at MIT.

5. 1959–1960: sabbatical year at Stanford with Noam Chomsky.

George Miller: what was his MAIN DISCOVERY (written when?**who rejected it (& why?)? What symposium did he present in?), when/where/with who does he go on sabbatical with? What Center did he establish (when, at what school, with who?), WHAT SCHOOL OF STUDY did he establish (definition, what does it use to measure?)?

1. 1956: paper on “Magic number 7”

   1.  the capacity limits of short-term memory (Working Memory)

      1. 7 plus/minus 2

      2. SKINNER DOESN’T APPROVE–thinks cognitive psych. is a MISTAKE because it focuses on the “black box” (mind

2. (Fall) 1960: Founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard with Jerome Bruner.

3. Cybernetics: The study of how minds, behaviors, and social systems use feedback to stabilize, pursue goals, and adapt to change.

   1. Uses flowcharts, feedback loops, and TOTE mechanisms (Test–Operate–Test–Exit).

Noam Chomsky (1928– ) (3 professions, born in…, what sparked his interest in language? BA/MA/Ph.D. from… (what was his dissertation topic?), FOUNDER OF…)

1. Political scientist, commentator, linguist

2. Born in Philadelphia to immigrant parents (Eastern European, Jewish).

   1. Bilingual in Hebrew and English–sparked his interest in language.

3. Earns his BA, MA, and PhD from the University of Pennsylvania.

   1. Doctoral dissertation in linguistics focuses on “Transformational grammar.”

4. FOUNDER OF MODERN LINGUISTICS–Studied core structural elements shared across languages.

Jerome Bruner (1915–2016) – born in…, BA (subject, year, school), Ph.D., what was his “New Look” in psych. (what did it introduce? + main implication)? What was his 2 MAIN books? (main takeaway, who does it REJECT?)

1. Born in New York City to Polish immigrant parents.

2. 1937: BA in psychology from Duke

3. 1941: PhD from Harvard University

4. Bruner’s “New Look” in psychology:

   1. Introduces the idea of perceptual readiness: perception is influenced by expectations, needs, and prior experience.

      1. Violation of expectations = longer RTs

5. 1956: A Study of Thinking (book)

   1. Argues mind can go beyond the “information given” by actively interpreting and organizing information.

   2. HEAVY REJECTION OF SKINNER (for breaking the black box)

6. 1965: APA President

7. 1986: Actual Minds, Possible Worlds

   1. Explores how the mind CONSTRUCTS/INTERPRETS possible worlds through thought and narrative alongside info processing.

Keller and Marian Breland (what did they establish, what did they research there? what problem did they discover (what school of thought did this challenge)?)

1. Established IQ zoo—Trained animals to perform elaborate behaviors

   • demonstrated how reinforcement and shaping could produce complex trained behaviors outside the laboratory.

• Problem of instinctual drift: tendency of a trained animal to stop performing a learned behavior and revert to its natural instinctual behaviors, even with continuous reinforcement

  • Challenge to radical behaviorism

Clark Hull (view on cognition/psychology, what were his RESPONSE(S) to variation in motivation anomoly of radical beahvuorism? (response framework (+drives); law of primary reinforcement)

• mechanistic view—psych as quantitative science with experimental testing

• Need-reduction theory of learning: argued that learning occurs when behavior reduces a biological need.

  • Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R): a psychological framework explaining that external environmental factors do not trigger behavior directly; instead, they pass through an individual's internal processing system first) 

    • Primary drives: Innate biological needs, including hunger, thirst, sleep, pain avoidance, temperature regulation, and sex.

    • Secondary drives: Learned motivational states or stimuli that become associated with primary drives or their consequences.

  • Law of Primary Reinforcement: When a response reduces a biological drive, the connection between the stimulus and response is strengthened.

Mary Cover Jones (what did she research? main finding? precursor to..?)

•  investigated whether learning principles could reduce fears, rather than merely create them.

  • Peter (eventually got rid of his fear of rabbits by moving rabbit closer over time while he ate)

• precursor to behavior therapy,

Karl Lashley (student of..? what did he reject (in terms of stimulus-driven behavior)?, 2 concepts (law & concept)

• Student of Watson

• REJECTED localized S-R connections.

  • Law of mass action: Learning efficiency depends partly on the amount of intact cortical tissue available.

  • Equipotentiality: Different areas of the cerebral cortex can contribute relatively similarly to learning.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - family (grandfather - what did he do)?, studied (what school?)..? What school did he switch to before becoming a researcher?

1. Born in England to wealthy, socially connected family–”country squire”

   1. 5th of 6 children

   2. Naturalist–collected specimens as a child; taxidermy at 12 

   3. Artist–naturalist sketches

2. Paternal grandfather = Erasmus Darwin–prominent evolutionary biologist

   1. Evolution theory existed before Darwin–Darwin PROPOSED/PRESENTED EVIDENCE FOR THE MECHANISM

1. Studied medicine at Univ of Edinburgh

   1. Switched to divinity school at Cambridge

      1. “My time was wasted there” - much party

2. Needed a job when he graduated in 1831

Darwin & theory of natural selection (why didn’t he publish right away? What were his connections to the abolitionist movement?)

1. Wrote a short sketch of theory in 1842

2. Finishes 189-page manuscript; provisions for publication upon his death

   1. Avoiding backlash from Church

3. Starts writing “Natural Selection” in 1856 in response to slavery debate in America

   1. British Abolitionist Movement – “Am I Not a Man and a Brother?”

1. FAMILY TIES TO ABOLITIONISH MOVEMENT

Alfred Russel Wallace (& natural selection - what did Darwin suggest they do?)

1. Letter to Darwin–Account for natural variation is identical to his (natural selection)

2. Made Darwin realize there were other scientists researching evolution at the same time he was

   1. SOLUTION: 1858 meeting of the Linnaean Society–present on natural selection together 

      1. Slows Wallace’s publishing

Cyril Burt (pioneer in..? controversy)

1. FIRST PERSON TO DO TWIN STUDIES OF INTELLIGENCE

   1. Identical twins have more similar IQs than siblings & fraternal twins

2. ACCUSED of forging data

Cyril Burt (bachelors (from? Year? Under who?, Ph.D. (school, advisor), what did he study? What did books allege?)

1. Bachelors from Oxford (1906), taught by McDougall

2. Ph.D. in Univ College, London

   1. Advisor = Charles Spearman

3. IQ studies between identical twins vs. fraternal twins

4. Books alleged fabrication of twin data

   1. Later books refuted these claims

E.O. Wilson (pioneer in..?)

1. SOCIOBIOLOGY: the study of the biological/evolutionary foundations of social behavior–behavioral differences are evolution & genetically determined

Oskar Pfungst (discovered..?)

• Discovered Clever Hans Effect: when a subject (like an animal, a human, or an AI model) appears to solve a complex intellectual task, but is actually responding to subtle cues from an observer

• ⁃ Hans became famous for “knowing math”

Robert Yerkes (founder of (what sudy field?)..?, PhD from..? what did he study? What intelligence criteria did he develop? What lab did he establish (& where?)? What school did the lab eventually move to?

1. Founder of COMPARATIVE PSYCH. (study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals)

1. 1902 PhD from Harvard

   1. Studied intelligence in chimpanzees

2. “Criteria of the psychic”

   1. “Discriminative”: discriminating between stimuli (i.e., light/dark, color)

      1. Sea snemoea, lenaria

   2. “Intelligent”: initiate/modify behavior with change in environment

      1. Pigeons, bees, etc.

   3. “Rational”: ability to blend ideas together

      1. Primates

3. 1907, published The Dancing Mouse: A Study in Animal Behavior 

4. 1924: Laboratory of Primate Biology at Yale 

5. Moved to Emory University

   1. Yerkes National Primate Research Center

William McDougall (what 3 things did he argue?)

1. argued Human behavior is influenced by innate tendencies toward thought and action.

2. Consciousness and introspection provide information behaviorism misses.

3. Human initiative and freedom complicate purely deterministic explanations.

David Buss & sex differences (shared __, different __; men’s vs. women’s goals/strategies; BIGGEST SOURCE OF GENDER DIFFERENCE (REPRODUCTION)?)

1. Personality/evolutionary/sexual psychologist 

2. Shared goals (reproductions), different biology (strategic differences)

3. Parental investment differences–females have 300 precious eggs; male have regenerative sperm

   1. Survival of birth, nursing–Mothers worry more (preciousness of child)

4. Women’s mating strategies (resources) vs Male selection preferences (physical characteristics)

   1. Jealousy themes–men = more disturbed by sexual cheating than giving a gift; women = more disturbed by gift-giving

Harry Harlow (born..? PhD from.. (year? advisor?)? Where did he teach & establish primate research lab?, BIG STUDY + FINDING?

1. Born Harry Israel and grew up in Iowa

2. Ph.D., 1930, Stanford University

   1. Advisor: Calvin Stone 

3. Professor at University of Wisconsin 

   1. Established primate research laboratory 

4. Famous studies of orphaned capuchin monkeys 

5. “Contact comfort” versus feeding by surrogate (inanimate) mothers

   1. Raised infant monkeys with two artificial mothers.

   2.  was made of wire (+ milk), other was covered in soft terry cloth (no milk) –monkeys consistently preferred clinging to the soft cloth mother, especially when frightened.

George John Romanes (1848–1894) - friend of..? what did he apply to the mind? what was his BOOK (first book about what field..?), 3 MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANIMAL PSYCH.

1. Friend/intellectual successor of Charles Darwin.

   1. Darwin gave Romanes his notebooks on animal behavior

   2. Applied evolutionary theory to the study of the mind.

2. Animal Intelligence (1883)—first book on comparative psychology.

3. Ladder of Animal Intelligence: A hierarchy  to rank animal species according to their supposed levels of mental functioning.

4. Anecdotal Method: Studying animal behavior through observational reports and stories, often from casual or untrained observers.

   1. Limitation: Reports could be inaccurate, biased, exaggerated, and lacking scientific rigor.

5. Introspection by Analogy: Inferring an animal's mental processes by assuming they are similar to the observer's own human mental processes.

   1. Limitation: anthropomorphism

C. Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936) (whose intellectual successor? MAJOR CONTRIBUTION (law), view of animal behavior (3 elements?) what did he CRITICIZE?)

1. British psychologist and scientist—Named by George Romanes as his intellectual successor.

   1. Recognized the weaknesses in Romanes's methods of studying animal intelligence.

2. Law of Parsimony (Lloyd Morgan's Canon): the simplest explanation for animal behavior is preferred over a complex one.

   1. Emphasized using the simplest sufficient explanation rather than assuming animals engage in complex reasoning.

3. Morgan's view of animal behavior—animal behavior = learning, association, sensory exp.

4. Criticized Romanes's reliance on anecdotes/subjective interpretations—Reduced anthropomorphism (attributing human characteristics or mental processes to animals).