Animal Science 2

Carbohydrate

Organic compound made

up of C, H, and O with a H

to O ration of 2:1

Forage

Plant materials eaten by

grazing livestock as well

as wildlife

Fiber

Critical structural component that maintains digestive health,

regulates rumen function in ruminants, and provides essential bulk or

energy across different livestock species

Fat

Organic compound

containing C, H, and O that

are insoluble in water. H

amounts are much higher

than in carbohydrates

Triglyceride

Ester derived from

combining glycerol and

three fatty acids and is the

main constituent of

vegetable oil and animal

fats

Protein

An essential macronutrient

made of amino acid chains

that builds and repairs

tissues, supports immune

function, and powers

chemical reactions

throughout the body

Amino acid:

Molecules containing N, C, H, and O with an amine group (contains N),

and a carboxylic group.

Mineral

Inorganic nutrient needed in small amounts (grams or less) for

specific body functions that are required for life.

Metabolic water

Water

produced from chemical

reactions in the body

Metabolism

Chemical modification and

utilization of nutrients inside the

body after they are absorbed from

the digestive tract including the

transformation of energy.

Prehension

Seizing, grasping,

or taking in feedstuff

Mastication

Biological act of

breaking down food into

smaller pieces

Enzyme

Complex protein

molecules produced by living

cells that catalyze or increase

the rate of biochemical

reactions.

Peristaltic contractions

Involuntary wave-

like sweeps of smooth muscle relaxation

and contraction that push foods, fluids, and

waste through the digestive tract

Stomach

Organ that initiates the

second phase of digestion

which secretes strong

acids and protein-

digesting enzymes

Pepsin

Primary digestive enzyme in the

stomach that breaks down dietary

proteins into smaller peptides and

amino acids

Pepsinogen

Inactive protein precursor made

by chief cells in the stomach

lining that turns into the digestive

enzyme pepsin when it meets

stomach acid.

Cellulose

Organic

polysaccharide and

major component of

plant cell walls.

Hemicellulose

Branch of

polysaccharides that

surrounds to

cellulose fibers in

plant cell walls.

Lignin

Complex, naturally occurring polymer that forms key structural

and support tissues in plants, particularly in wood and bark.

Starch

Soft, white, odorless and tasteless carbohydrate produced by

green plants to store energy

Coprophagy

Process of eating specialized feces to reabsorb microbial protein

Anatomy

The branch of science

concerned with the bodily structure of

humans, animals, and other living

organisms, especially as revealed by

dissection and the separation of

Joints

Junction

between two or more

bones

Ligaments

Connect

bone to bone

Tendons

Attach bone to muscle

Smooth Muscle

Smooth,

thin, muscle involved in

involuntary movements, and

is located on the walls of

hollow organs

Skeletal Muscle

Large,

striated muscle under

voluntary control

Cardiac Muscle

Mono-nucleated,

striated, and

branched muscle that

is engaged in

involuntary

movements