Microbio (Exam 1): Last stuffs to remember

Considered microbes:

bacteria, archaea, protozoans, algae, fungi, viruses; NOT animals, plants, microanimals.

20-100 μm

eukaryotic microbes.

1-10 μm.

prokaryotes.

< 1 μm.

virususand other smaller microbes.

salt-loving archaea; non-chlorophyll based unique photosynthesis.

halophiles.

Robert Hooke

first microscope; viewed macroscopic life.

Leeuwenhoek

discovered single-celled microbes.

Redi

discovered abiogenesis (spontaneous generation) for macroscopic organisms (flies).

Spallanzani

disproved abiogenesis (spontaneous generation) for microscopic organisms; open flask experiment.

Virchow

biogenesis; life arises from life.

John Tyndall

opposite results of Pasteur’s swan neck flask experiment due to endospores surviving boiling temps.

Robert Koch

germ theory of disease.

Koch’s postulates in order:

1. microbe in diseased but absent in healthy.

2. culturable from host.

3. healthy gains the same disease with introduced to microbe.

4. same microbe is found in newly diseased.

Edward Jenner

cowpox to vaccinate smallpox.

Pasteur’s impact on vaccine:

attenuated (aged) vaccines more safe.

Cowpox vaccine was effective for smallpox because:

antigens were similar.

Antibiotics are produced naturally by ________.

microbes.

Sanitization for tissues:

antiseptic.

Sanitization for inanimate objects:

disinfectant.

Carl Woese

discovered archaea (prokaryotes in extreme environments; unique RNA)

Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway

catabolizes sugar acids into pyruvate, ATP, & NADH; backup metabolism.

Emden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP)

glycolysis.

Pentose-Phosphate Shunt (PPS) pathway

makes pentose sugars for biosynthesis/anabolic usage.

glucose catabolism isn’t complete until ________ is recycled.

NADH (fermentation).

fermentation restores ________ for more glycolysis to occur.

NAD+

pyruvate is catabolized to ________ and ________ via Kreb’s cycle.

CO2 and water.

Respiration

glycolysis + Kreb’s cycle + oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxidative phosphorylation

ETC + H+ gradient + ATP synthase.

Benzoate and catechol have central roles in ________ catabolism.

aromatic.

crucial enzyme in benzene ring catabolism (adds oxygen atoms)

dioxygenase.

end products o f aromatic catabolism go to:

TCA cycle.

Examples of terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration:

NO₃^-, SO₃^2-, Fe³⁺

A more negative reduction potential value indicates:

strong electron donor; weak electron acceptor.

A more positive reduction potential value indicates:

strong electron acceptor; weak electron donor.

Electron transport molecules are arranged in order from _______ to _______ reduction potential.

negative to more positive.

Electron flow starts with molecules that are _______ dnonors.

strong.

Term for mobile electron carriers

quinone molecules.

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in what stages of aerobic respiration:

glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle.

Many soil and aquatic species of bacteria can use _______ forms of nitrogen and sulfur as terminal electron acceptors.

oxidized.

Dissimilatory denitrification _______ _______ forms of nitrogen for energy.

reduce oxidized.

Stage of nitrogen cycle that is lithotrophy.

nitrification.

Nitrifiers use _______ carbon sources for electrons/energy.

inorganic (ex. ammonia, nitrite).

Sulfate reduction supplies H2S for sulfate _______.

oxidizers (lithotrophs).

With increasing depth and lower O2 levels, reduction potential:

decreases (more negative).

Examples of electron donors to the ETS in lithotrophs:

H₂, NH₄⁺, Fe²⁺

_______ oxidize ammonia, producing nitrates and nitrites, which are converted to acids and can alter soil pH.

nitrifiers.

Nitrification can be a _______ process.

assimilation (biomass synthesis).

Denitrification is a _______ process.

dissimilation.

Reduction of CO2 and other single carbon compounds to methane.

methanogenesis.

Methanotrophs _______ methane (aerobically and anaerobically).

oxidize.

Methanogens are archaea and grow mainly _______.

autotrophically.

Single-protein, light-driven proton pump to form ATPs.

bacteriorhodopsin.

Bacteriorhodopsin absorbs green light, which photoexcites retinal and creates:

proton gradient.

Bacteriorhodopsin-based bacteria are _______.

photoheterotrophs (still need complex carbon source).

Only O2 producing bacteria.

cyanobacteria.

What are antenna complexes a part of?

chlorophyll (light absorbing pigment).

Electron donor for oxygenic photosynthesizers (chlorophyll-based phototrophy 1).

water.

Bacterial chlorophyll uses _______ photosynthesis.

anoxygenic.

Green-sulfur bacteria uses _______ photosystem.

PS1.

Purple non-sulfur bacteria uses photosystem _______.

PS2.

Electron donors for PS1 (green-sulfur bacteria).

H₂S, H₂, Fe²⁺, succinate (NOT water).

Bacteria using PS2 (purple non-sulfur bacteria) have _______ photophosphorylation.

cyclic.

Bacteriochlorophylls have peak absorptions of light _______ the range of chrlophyll.

outside.

Pathway with PS1 and PS2; water is photolyzed forming O2.

oxygenic Z (cyanobacteria).

Electron flow of oxygenic Z pathway:

H2O → PS 2 → PS 1 → NADP+

Photolysis uses light to split _______.

water.

In oxygenic Z pathway, ATPs, NADPH formed is used for _______ fixation.

CO2.

Uses anaerobic PS 1:

green-sulfur bacteria (Chlorobia).

Green-sulfur bacteria are _______.

autotrophs.

Uses anaerobic PS 2:

purple non-sulfur bacteria (Rhodospirullum, Rhodobacter).

Purple non-sulfur bacteria are _______.

photoheterotrophs.

Artificial nitrogen fixation is accomplished by the _______ process.

Haber.

Nitrogenase catalyzes:

nitrogen fixation.

Fermentation is coupled to:

glycolysis.

Glucose is completely oxidized by:

TCA cycle.

Dioxygenase enzymes add _______ to aromatic ring to facilitate the breakage of aromatic compounds.

oxygen.

Benzoic acid and catechol are intermediates of:

aromatic compound catabolism.

Halobacteria use

bacteriorhodopsin-based phototrophy.

Annamox reaction is another form of:

denitrification.

nitrogenase is found:

in nitrogen fixation.

nitrifiers (nitrification) are:

lithotrophs.

Product of annamox:

N2.

Reaction that accounts for the majority of N2 returned to the atmosphere:

annamox.

In hypoxic waters, _______ used as electron acceptors results in buildup of nitrite and nitrous oxide.

nitrates.

Buildup of nitrite and nitrous oxide in hypoxic water indicates metabolism of:

denitrifying bacteria.

Denitrification rates increase if a lot of _____ is present.

NO₃^- (nitrate).

Nitrate and nitrite reduction is also called:

dissimilatory nitrate reduction.

In hypoxic areas, anaerobic respiration using ______ occurs.

nitrate NO3-

In hypoxic areas, anaerobic respiration using nitrate occurs, which results in _____ buildup:

nitrite NO2-

In hypoxic areas, anaerobic respiration using nitrate occurs, which results in nitrite buildup, which is then used to form:

N2O.

Nitrate assimilation to biomass is called:

assimilatory nitrate reduction.

Rhizobium bacteria provide ______ for soybean plant, which creates sugar in return.

ammonium NH4+ (fixation).

Haber process is what artificial process?

nitrogen fixation.

Healthy sludge has _____ bacteria that feed on decayed mater.

saprotropic.