European Religion and Intellectual Change

What did the collapse of the Byzantine Empire lead to?

It lead to Greek scholars being brought to Italy

What did Greek scholars bring to Italy?

the intellectual return to study ancient greek/roman History, philosophy, grammar, poetry, and art

How did the Renaissance help Italy?

it increased Italian trade and banking with Medici and other families helped fund the movement

Where did the Renaissance and the rise of Humanism mainly take place?

In Italy where the newly invented printing press revolutionized human communication

Who invented the printing press and when?

Johannes Gutenburg invented the printing press in 1439

What caused the Reformation?

the questioning of religious truths, tithes to the church, disputes over purgatory, arguments over law and scripture, the role of good works and saints in reformation

Who is Martin Luther?

A priest, monk, and Catholic German professor

What did Martin Luther believe?

He believed that Jesus alone, and not good deeds, was the key to salvation and the bible, not the pope/saints, is the only source of divine knowledge

What happened on October 31, 1517?

Protestant Reformation begins as Martin Luther disputed indulgences and questioned religious dogma

Who is Johann Tetzel?

Enemy of Martin Luther, a German friar who sold indulgences and became a powerful force against Luthers ideals

What did Martin Luther believe about the Bondage of Will?

he believed humans don’t have free will and God has predetermined your path to salvation

What happened during the Radicalist Revolt?

the German Peasant war occured in 1525 and the peasants ultimately lose

What happened after the Radicalist Revolt?

Luther rejects the revolution that he helped start and writes Against The Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

What caused the Radicalist Revolt?

peasants receptive to Luthers ideas want radical change dispute with religious authorities and Holy Roman aristocracy

Who is John Calvin?

the second most important figure of the Reformation, a French humanist lawyer

What did John Calvin do?

He started Calvinism a new liturgy that followed predestination and absolutely sovereignty of God, used violence against reformers in France

What is the Counter Reformation?

a catholic resurgence against protestant Reformation that lasted over 250 years, many prominent protestants were excommunicated and Catholic liturgy is standardized

What is the Council of Trent?

a group of Catholics that condemned Protestant heresies

Who is Ignatius of Loyola?

a Spanish founder of society of Jesuits who helped found Pontifical Gregorian University

What did Ignatius believe?

he believed in the new educational and spiritual mission of the church

What is the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre of 1517?

over 10,000 wealthy French protestant Huguenots gather for a wedding and are murdered, this ended the spread of Protestantism in northern france

What war was occuring in early 16th century France?

the French Huguenots War

What is the Spanish Inquisition?

the arrests and executions of Spanish protestants, a special police force was built specifically for arresting them

How long did the Spanish inquisition last?

over 300 years

How many Spanish protestants were arrested and executed?

over 150,000 people were arrested and almost 3,000 were executed

What was Portugal sea