Exam 3: Dance Science

What four articulations should be considered when analyzing foot movement? -

Forefoot (toes), ankle joint, navicular and head of talus, and subtalar joint.

What movements occur at the forefoot? -.

Toe flexion, extension, and hyperextension

What type of joints are the toe articulations?

- Hinge joints around a medio-lateral axis.

What bones articulate at the ankle joint? -

The top of the talus and distal tibia and fibula.

What movements occur at the ankle joint? - .

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

What movements occur between the navicular and head of the talus?

- Adduction and abduction at non-axial gliding joints.

What bones form the subtalar joint, and what movements occur there? -

The bottom of the talus and top of the calcaneus; inversion and eversion.

What questions does Fitt recommend asking when analyzing a foot muscle?

Does it cross the toes, tarsus, ankle joint, or knee?

What else should be analyzed about a muscle that crosses a joint?

The pathway the muscle takes as it crosses the joint.

What are the three lower-leg muscle groups discussed?

Anterior compartment, lateral compartment, and posterior compartment (superficial and deep)

What is the anterior-compartment mnemonic?

Tom, Dick, and Harry: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus.

Where are the muscle bellies of the anterior compartment?

In the anterior leg, lateral to the tibia.

What is the proximal attachment of tibialis anterior?

Lateral condyle and upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia.

What is the distal attachment of tibialis anterior?

Medial surface of the first cuneiform and first metatarsal.

What are the actions of tibialis anterior?

Dorsiflexes the ankle and inverts the foot, aiding supination.

How does tibialis anterior support the foot?

It helps support the medial longitudinal arch, especially during walking and running.

Where can the tibialis anterior muscle belly be palpated?

Just lateral to the tibia.

What is the proximal attachment of extensor digitorum longus (EDL)?

Anterior surface of the upper three-fourths of the fibula and interosseous membrane.

What is the distal attachment of EDL?

Dorsal surface of the phalanges of toes 2 through 5.

What are the actions of EDL?

Extends and hyperextends toes 2–5, very weakly pronates the tarsus, and weakly dorsiflexes the ankle.

What is the proximal attachment of extensor hallucis longus (EHL)?

Mid-anterior fibula and interosseous membrane.

What is the distal attachment of EHL?

Dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe.

What are the actions of EHL?

Extends and hyperextends the great toe, slightly supinates the tarsus, and weakly dorsiflexes the ankle.

What are shin splints, according to the slides?

A stress-related condition in the lower leg where muscles of the ankle and tarsus attach.

Which muscle is the most common site of shin splints?

Tibialis anterior; muscles in the deep posterior and lateral compartments can also be affected.

What causes of shin splints are listed?

Improper landings without full ankle dorsiflexion and heel down, dancing on hard surfaces, and consistently carrying weight too far forward on the balls of the feet or too far back on the heels.

Which muscles are in the lateral compartment?

Peroneus brevis and peroneus longus.

What is the origin of peroneus brevis?

Lower two-thirds of the outer surface of the fibula.

What is the insertion of peroneus brevis?

Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal.

Which joints does peroneus brevis cross, and what is its pathway?

Ankle and tarsus; posterior to the ankle and lateral to the tarsus.

What are the actions of peroneus brevis?

Tarsal pronation and plantar flexion.

What is the origin of peroneus longus?

Lateral upper two-thirds of the fibula.

What is the insertion of peroneus longus?

Plantar surface of the first cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal.

Which joints does peroneus longus cross, and what is its pathway?

Ankle and tarsus; posterior to the ankle and lateral to the tarsus.

What are the actions of peroneus longus?

Plantar flexion of the ankle and pronation of the tarsus.

Which muscles are in the deep posterior compartment?

Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.

What is the mnemonic for the deep posterior compartment?

Tom, Dick, and Harry: tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.

What is the origin of tibialis posterior?

Posterior surface of the tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane.

What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?

Tendons to the cuboid, navicular, and all three cuneiforms on the plantar surface.

Which joints does tibialis posterior cross, and what is its pathway?

Ankle and tarsus; posterior to the ankle and medial to the tarsus.

What are the actions of tibialis posterior?

Plantar flexion of the ankle and supination of the tarsus.

What is the origin of flexor digitorum longus (FDL)?

Posterior surface of the tibia.

What is the insertion of FDL?

Distal plantar phalanges of toes 2 through 5.

Which joints does FDL cross, and what is its pathway?

Ankle, tarsus, and toes 2–5; posterior to the ankle, medial to the tarsus, and along the plantar surface of the toes.

What are the actions of FDL?

Plantar flexion of the ankle, supination of the tarsus, and flexion of toes 2–5.

What is the origin of flexor hallucis longus (FHL)?

Lower two-thirds of the posterior fibula

What is the insertion of FHL?

Plantar surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe.

Which joints does FHL cross, and what is its pathway?

Ankle, tarsus, and great toe; posterior to the ankle, through the midpoint of the tarsus, and along the plantar surface of the great toe.

What are the actions of FHL?

Plantar flexion of the ankle, slight supination of the tarsus, and flexion of the great toe.

What is the origin of plantaris?

Posterior surface of the femur above the lateral condyle.

What is the insertion of plantaris?

Tuberosity of the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon.

Which joints does plantaris cross, and what is its pathway?

Ankle and knee; posterior to both joints.

What are the actions of plantaris?

Plantar flexion of the ankle and flexion of the knee.

Is plantaris a primary muscle of the ankle or knee?

No, it is not a primary muscle of either joint.

When can the plantaris muscle tear?

When changing direction quickly.

Which muscles are in the superficial posterior compartment?

Gastrocnemius and soleus.

What is the origin of gastrocnemius?

Posterior aspects of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.

What is the insertion of gastrocnemius? -

The posterior surface of the calcaneus (heel bone) via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

Which joints does gastrocnemius cross?

The ankle and knee; its pathway is posterior to both.

What are the actions of gastrocnemius?

Plantar flexion of the ankle and flexion of the knee.

What is notable about palpating gastrocnemius?

It is the easiest muscle in the lower extremity to palpate.

When does gastrocnemius have its best mechanical advantage as a plantar flexor?

When the knee is extended, such as balancing in a straight-leg relevé.

What happens to gastrocnemius as a foot flexor when the knees are bent?

It becomes an ineffective foot flexor.

What contraction does gastrocnemius use when lowering out of relevé?

Eccentric contraction.

What contraction takes the body into relevé through gastrocnemius?

Concentric contraction.

How does eccentric gastrocnemius contraction help in demi-plié?

It controls ankle dorsiflexion.

What is the origin of soleus?

Posterior surface of the upper third of the fibula and middle third of the tibia.

What is the insertion of soleus?

Tuberosity of the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon.

Which joint does soleus cross, and what is its action?

It crosses the ankle posteriorly and plantar-flexes the ankle.

Where is soleus located relative to gastrocnemius, according to the slides?

Under gastrocnemius on the lateral side of the lower leg.

When does soleus do much of the work of plantar flexion?

When the knee is flexed

How do soleus and gastrocnemius work together when rising from demi-plié to relevé?

Soleus pulls the body out of demi-plié; gastrocnemius takes it the rest of the way to relevé.

What contraction does soleus use while lowering into plié?

Eccentric contraction, controlling the speed of lowering.

What contraction does soleus use moving from plié into forced arch?

Concentric contraction.

Which intrinsic foot muscles are mentioned at the end of the slides?

The lumbricals; the slides refer students to a handout for details.