BACTELEC ME PRT2

What is the species that causes swine erysipelas in young pigs?

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

What is the common name of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Swine Rotlauf Bacillus

What disease is characterized by red rhomboidal blotches on the abdomen and deep red skin patches in swine?

Diamond Skin Disease

What are the 4 forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in swine?

Septicemia, Endocarditis, Abortion, Polyarthritis

What are the clinical features of acute swine erysipelas?

High Fever, Red Skin Patches, Organ Hemorrhages, High Mortality

What skin lesions characterize the less severe form of swine erysipelas?

Urticarial Skin Lesions → Rhomboidal (Diamond-Shaped) Blotches

What are the clinical features of severe septicemic swine erysipelas?

Necrotic Scabs, Hypoglycemia, RBC Destruction, Fibrin Deposits (Joints and Heart)

What are the chronic manifestations of swine erysipelas?

Endocarditis, Erosion of Mitral Valve

What joint abnormalities are associated with erysipelas in sheep?

Joint Enlargement, Stilted Gait, Cartilage Erosion

What is the most common species affected by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Ruminants

What are the clinical features of erysipelas in birds?

Cyanotic Skin, Droopy, Diarrhea, Death, Hemorrhages in breast or leg muscles

Which laboratory animals are highly susceptible to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

White Mice

Which aquatic animals may develop systemic Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection?

Crocodiles and Bottlenosed Dolphins

What is the human occupational disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Human Erysipeloid

What are the characteristic skin lesions of human erysipeloid?

Skin lesions on hands or arms

What is the Gram-staining characteristic of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Gram (+), easily decolorized

What staining pattern does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae exhibit?

Stains unevenly

What do rough forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae exhibit?

Long filaments

Does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae form spores or possess flagella?

No spores, no flagella

What cell wall component is absent in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, differentiating it from Listeria monocytogenes?

DL-diaminopimelic acid

What are the colony characteristics of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae on serum or blood agar?

Tiny, clear, and glistening

What discoloration occurs when Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae grows on BAP?

Greenish discoloration initially → later definite clearing

What growth pattern does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae produce on gelatin?

Bottle brush-like growth

How many serotypes does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae have, and which are most common in septicemia and tonsils?

22 Serotypes, Types 1 and 2

What is the protective antigen of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Glycoprotein

What environmental conditions favor Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection?

Stress, Heat, Humidity

Where is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae commonly carried in swine?

Tonsils, Reticuloendothelial Tissues

Through which routes does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infect its host?

Oral, Skin Scarification

What type of parasite is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Facultative Intracellular Parasite

Where does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae survive inside the host?

Neutrophils

How does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause disease by evading host defenses?

Kills phagocytes → blocks reticuloendothelial system (RES)

What are the protective immunity components against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Serum, Cell-mediated

What test is used to diagnose Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by growth and agglutination?

Growth-Agglutination (Wachstumsprobe Test)

Who developed the first attenuated vaccine against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Pasteur and Thuillier

What is the vaccine designation for the avirulent-to-attenuated Erysipelothrix vaccine?

EVA Avirulent → Attenuated Vaccine

What are the three major clinical differences between hog cholera and swine erysipelas regarding behavior, appetite, and spleen?

**Hog Cholera: Lethargic, Doesn't eat, Wedge-Shaped Infarct

What is the spleen appearance in hog cholera?

Unchanged or Wedge-Shaped Infarct

What is the spleen appearance in swine erysipelas?

Enlarged, Bluish-red

What is the stomach appearance in swine erysipelas?

Dark, Bluish

What is the human form of Erysipelothrix infection called?

**Erysipeloid = Skin Lesions

What is the species responsible for listeriosis?

Listeria monocytogenes

How many Listeria species are pathogenic for warm-blooded animals and humans according to the reviewer?

Only one species

What are the morphological characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes?

Gram (+), non–acid fast, small rods

What motility pattern is characteristic of Listeria monocytogenes?

Peritrichous flagella with tumbling motility

How can Listeria monocytogenes stain in young and old cultures?

Gram (-) in young cultures and almost entirely in old cultures

What is the characteristic gelatin growth pattern of Listeria monocytogenes?

Inverted “fir tree” pattern

What enzyme does Listeria monocytogenes produce that Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae does not?

Catalase

How many O antigens, H antigens, serotypes, and subtypes does Listeria monocytogenes have?

O Antigens: 15, H Antigens: 5, Serotypes: 16, Subtypes: 14

What are the two forms of Listeria monocytogenes infection?

Neural Form, Visceral Form

What is the neural form of listeriosis also called?

Circling Disease

What is the major mode of infection in the visceral form of listeriosis?

Ingestion

What are the animal treatments for listeriosis listed in the reviewer?

Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Sulfonamides, Penicillin

What are the human treatments for listeriosis listed in the reviewer?

Erythromycin, Ampicillin

What type of bacteria are Corynebacterium species morphologically?

Pleomorphic, gram (+) rods that stain irregularly

What arrangement is characteristic of Corynebacterium species?

Angular and palisade arrangements (“fence of stakes”)

Why are Corynebacterium species called club bacteria?

Club-shaped swellings at one or both ends

Are Corynebacterium species spore-forming, acid-fast, or motile?

Non-spore forming, non-acid fast, non-motile

Which Corynebacterium species causes pyelonephritis in cattle?

C. renale

Which Corynebacterium species is associated with cystitis in cattle?

C. pilosum

Which Corynebacterium species may cause severe cystitis, pyelonephritis, and pizzle rot?

C. cystitidis

What is the colony appearance of C. renale?

Opaque, ivory-colored, dull, uneven margins

What is the colony appearance of C. pilosum?

Cream to pale yellow, circular, opaque, >1 mm

What is the colony appearance of C. cystitidis?

White, circular, semi-translucent, pinpoint

What are the main biochemical characteristics of C. renale?

Reduces litmus milk, forms soft curd, alkaline medium, produces caseinase, multiplies in bovine urine producing ammonia from urea

What is the characteristic transmission route of Corynebacterium renale group organisms?

Contaminated urine droplets, adherence mediated by pili

What is the main colonization site of Corynebacterium renale group organisms?

Aging epithelial cells

What is the antimicrobial drug of choice for Corynebacterium renale group infections?

Penicillin (Large Dose)

What are the antimicrobial agents listed as effective against Corynebacterium renale group?

Penicillin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Erythromycin, Polymyxin B

What is another name for C. pseudotuberculosis?

C. ovis, “Preisz-Nocard Bacillus”

What disease does C. pseudotuberculosis cause in sheep and goats?

Caseous Lymphadenitis

What are the morphological characteristics of C. pseudotuberculosis?

Pleomorphic rods, may appear coccoid, non-spore forming, non-motile, non-acid fast

What are the cultural characteristics of C. pseudotuberculosis?

Slow growth, papilliform centers, concentric rings, grayish or yellowish dry colonies, slight hemolysis on Blood Agar

What are the two serotypes of C. pseudotuberculosis and their host associations?

**Serotype I: sheep and goats

Which exotoxin of C. pseudotuberculosis causes hemolysis, necrosis, pulmonary edema, and shock?

Phospholipase D

What is the synergistic toxin interaction of C. pseudotuberculosis phospholipase D?

R. equi (Phospholipase C)

How is C. pseudotuberculosis transmitted?

Spread via open abscesses and skin abrasions

What are the major diseases caused by C. pseudotuberculosis in horses?

Ulcerative Lymphangitis, Pigeon Fever

Where are the abscesses of pigeon fever commonly located?

Pectoral, Lower Abdominal, Inguinal

What are the antibody detection methods for C. pseudotuberculosis?

Agglutination, Toxin Neutralization, ELISA

What are the antimicrobial agents listed for C. pseudotuberculosis?

Penicillin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Tetracycline

What are the human diseases associated with Rhodococcus equi?

Localized Adenopathy, Hepatomegaly, Fatigue, Myalgia

What are the two other bacterial species reclassified from Corynebacterium listed in the reviewer?

C. equi → Rhodococcus equi, C. pyogenes → Actinomyces, C. suis → Eubacterium

What is the species name of the organism responsible for pigeon fever and purulent pneumonia in foals?

Rhodococcus equi

What are the major diseases caused by Rhodococcus equi?

Purulent Pneumonia, Mesenteric Lymphadenitis, Arthritis (Foals)

What are the clinical features of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals?

Anorexia, Nasal Discharge, Arthritis, Diarrhea

What is the mortality rate of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals according to the reviewer?

~64%

What is the characteristic lymph node involvement in Rhodococcus equi infection?

Lymphadenitis with abscessed lymph nodes (head nodes seldom involved)

What are the characteristic lesions in swine and cattle infected with Rhodococcus equi?

Cervical lymph nodes resemble tuberculosis

What are the morphological characteristics of Rhodococcus equi?

Large, pleomorphic organism, forms bacillary and coccoid forms

How does Rhodococcus equi appear in solid and fluid media?

Coccoid on solid media, Bacillary in fluid, May form short chains

What staining characteristics are associated with Rhodococcus equi?

Gram (+), variably acid-fast, stains readily with other dyes

What capsule characteristic is associated with Rhodococcus equi?

Lamellar polysaccharide capsule

What are the colony characteristics of Rhodococcus equi?

1 cm, raised, moist, translucent, white → rose pink

What biochemical properties characterize Rhodococcus equi?

Catalase and Urease = (+), Cytochrome C = (-), Does not ferment carbohydrates, reduces nitrate, does not form indole, non-hemolytic

What toxins does Rhodococcus equi produce?

Phospholipase, cholesterol oxidase

What are the three main steps of Rhodococcus equi infection progression?

Local inflammation → regional lymph node involvement → pus-filled abscess

What are the characteristics of the pus-filled abscesses caused by Rhodococcus equi?

Green, odorless, caseous, onion-layered

What are the three major diseases caused by Rhodococcus equi in horses?

Ulcerative Lymphangitis, Pigeon Fever, Pectoral/Lower Abdominal/Inguinal Abscesses

What are the main diagnostic antibody tests for Rhodococcus equi?

Agglutination, Toxin Neutralization, ELISA

What are the selective culture medium and the confirmatory test for Rhodococcus equi?

NANAT Medium, Equi Factor Test (Prescott)