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Caravel

Light, fast sailing ship used by explorers

Ferdinand Magellan

First explorer to try to circumnavigate the globe

Hernán Cortés

Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztec Empire

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru

Conquistador

Spanish word for conqueror

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal

Capitalism

Economic system where private individuals own businesses and make profits

Plantations

Large farms where cash crops are grown

Triangular Trade

Trade route moving goods, enslaved people, and raw materials between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Martin Luther

Started the Reformation

Justification by Faith

Belief that salvation comes through faith, not good works

Protestant Reformation

Movement to reform the Catholic Church

Chinese

Invented gunpowder

Carolus Linnaeus

Classified living organisms

Tycho Brahe

Built an observatory

Nicolaus Copernicus

Said the sun is the center of the universe

Isaac Newton

Formulated the Law of Inertia

Francis Bacon

Father of the scientific method

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Believed people are naturally good

Renaissance

Means 'rebirth'; great revival of art and learning

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy warning Europe not to colonize the Americas

John Calvin

Founded the Presbyterian church

Theocracy

Government controlled by religious leaders

Predestination

Belief that God decides who will be saved

Treaty of Paris

Ended the French and Indian War

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring U.S. independence

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Debate over ratifying the Constitution

United States Constitution

Framework of U.S. government

United States Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments protecting freedoms

Reconstruction Amendments

Ended slavery, gave citizenship, and voting rights to Black men

Palm Oil

Major African export used in industrial goods

Jihad

Struggle in Islam (spiritual or physical)

Shaka Zulu

Built a powerful Zulu nation

White Man's Burden

Belief Europeans had a duty to civilize others

Great Zimbabwe

Massive stone walls built by African civilization

Isthmian Canal Convention

Agreement allowing U.S. to build the Panama Canal

Abolition of Slavery in Cuba (1886)

Slavery ended in Cuba

Abolition of Slavery in Brazil (1888)

Slavery ended in Brazil

American Civil War

War over slavery and states' rights

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed enslaved people

Manifest Destiny

Belief the U.S. should expand across North America

Suez Canal

Connects Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea

Strait of Hormuz

Narrow waterway important for oil trade

Portuguese

Started the African slave trade

Industrial Revolution

Shift to machine production and factories

James Hargreaves

Machine that spins multiple threads at once

Steam Engine

Machine using steam power for work

Factory Acts

Laws improving working conditions

Tea Act

British law taxing tea

Coercive Acts

Laws punishing American colonies