OCHEM FUNCTIONAL GROUPS MASTER FLASH CARDS

similarities between alkane, alkene, and alkyne

all are only composed of carbons and hydrogens

alkane pka

50

alkene pka

45

alkyne pka

25

alkanes need to have at least

one c-h bond

alkenes need to have

at least one c-c double bond

alkynes need to have

at least one c-c triple bond

what kind of functional group is this

alkane

what kind of functional group are these

alkene

what kind of functional group is the one on the far left and what is its pka

alkyne, 25

alcohol pka

15

phenol pka

10

carboxylic acid pka

5

what do alcohol, phenol, hydronium, and carboxylic acid have in common

they all have an o-h

carboxylic acid is like a hybrid of

alcohol and ketone

carboxylic acid functional groups are composed of only

C,H, and O.

carboxylic acid charecteristics

one carbonyl attached to one hydroxyl group

carboxylic acid shorthand

-COOH

ketone pka

20

ketone shorthand

CR-(C=O)-CR

to be a ketone, the functional group must have

3 carbons

hydronium pka

0

hydronium must have an

O with a +1 charge, 3 single bonds, and one lone pair

hydronium is like an alcohol with

an additional single bond instead of a lone pair

phenol

an alcohol with a benzene ring

what do ester, ketone, diketone and carboxylic acid all have in common

all have at least one carbon double bonded to oxygen

ester structural requirements

-2 carbons

-a carbonyl group

-an O single bonded to the carbonyl group

ester shorthand

c-(c=o)-o

ester pka

25

what functional group does this molecule have and what is its pka

ester, pka 25

ketone pka

20

ketone must have

3 carbons

ketone structural requirements

-a carbonyl that is single bonded to 2 other carbons

-3 carbons total

-an R group that is bonded to carbon

what functional group does this molecule have and what is its pka

ketone, pka 20

carboxylic acid shorthand

R-COOH

carboxylic acid structural requirements

-can only have one carbon

-R must be single bonded to carbon

-carbon must be double bonded to an O

-carbon must be single bonded to a hydroxyl group

what functional group does this molecule have and what is its pka

carboxylic acid, pka 5

alpha-diketone pka

16

diketone structural requirements

-2 carbonyl groups

-at least 4 carbons total

-carbonyls can ONLY be bonded to other carbons

alpha-diketones (or 1,2- diketones)

2 carbonyls bonded to each other

beta-diketones (or 1,3- diketones)

-2 carbonyl groups are separated by a single carbon

beta-diketone shorthand

rc-c=o-c-c=o-cr

alpha-diketone shorthand

rc-c=o-c=o-cr

what functional group does this molecule have and what is its pka

alpha-diketone, 16

what functional group does this molecule have and what is its pka

beta-diketone, 10

thiol pka

10

thiol structural requirements

-must have a sulfhydryl group (hs-)

-sulfur can only have 2 single bonds

thiol is structurally similar to

alcohol, with and S instead of an O

what functional group is circled and what is its pka

thiol, pka 10

sulfuric acid (H2SO4) pka

-10

sulfuric acid structural requirements

-S is double bonded to 2 O atoms

-S is single bonded to 2 hydroxyl groups

how are thiol and sulfuric acid similar

both have an S as its central atom

what functional group does this molecule have and what is its pka

sulfuric acid, pka -10

what functional group does this molecule have and what is its pka

sulfuric acid, pka -10

what makes amine and ammonium similar

-both have a nitrogen as the central atom

-both can have multiple R groups

amine pka

35

amine structural requirements

-must have N as central atom

-must have 3 single bonds

-must have one lone pair

what functional group does this molecule have and what is its pka

amine, pka 35

what functional group is amine structurally similar to and how

it is like hydronium with a N instead of an O as its central atom

ammonium pka

10

ammonium structural requirements

-4 single bonds

-formal charge of +1 on N

-no lone pairs

what is the functional group circled on the molecule and what is its pka

ammonium, pka 10

hydrochloric acid pka

-5

what functional group does this molecule have and what is its pka

phenol, pka 10

The R group on a carboxylic acid must attach to the

carbon atom