Exam 2 Practice Test

Which is a correct listing of the hierarchy of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest? a: Myofibrils b: Muscle fiber c: Fascicle d: Skeletal muscle

A. a, b, c, d

B. a, c, b, d

C. d, c, b, a

D. c, b, a, d

E. b, c, a, d

A. a, b, c, d

Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the most superficial? a: Endomysium b: Epimysium c: Perimysium

A. a, b, c

B. b, a, c

C. c, a, b

D. b, c, a

E. c, b, a

D. b, c, a

Which protein makes up the thick filaments?

A. Myosin

B. Actin

C. Tropomyosin

D. Troponin

E. Myopathy

A. Myosin

What is the letter associated with the dark bands in a sarcomere?

A. I

B. A

C. Z

D. M

E. H

B. A

In a sarcomere, which letter is associated with the thin dark line in the middle of an I band?

A. A

B. Z

C. M

D. H

B. Z

In a sarcomere, which letter is associated with a region within the A band that is more lightly shaded because only thick filaments are present?

A. I

B. A

C. M

D. Z

E. H

E. H

In a sarcomere, which letter is associated with the light band that contains thin filaments only?

A. I

B. A

C. M

D. Z

E. H

A. I

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one _____ to the next.

A. Z disc

B. I band

C. H zone

D. A band

E. M line

A. Z disc

Which is not a protein found in thin filaments?

A. Actin

B. Troponin

C. Tropomyosin

D. Myosin

E. No exceptions; all are found in thin filaments.

D. Myosin

Which incorrectly describes what happens during skeletal muscle contraction?

A. The width of the A band remains constant.

B. The H zone disappears.

C. The Z discs of a sarcomere move farther apart.

D. The sarcomere narrows.

E. The I bands narrow.

C. The Z discs of a sarcomere move farther apart.

The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the

A. motor end plate.

B. synaptic vesicle.

C. synaptic cleft.

D. synaptic knob.

C. synaptic cleft.

Which structures are reservoirs that store acetylcholine?

A. Synaptic vesicles

B. Synaptic clefts

C. Terminal cisternae

D. Lysosomes

E. Sarcomeres

A. Synaptic vesicles

Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction?

A. Synaptic vesicles

B. Synaptic clefts

C. Terminal cisternae

D. Peroxisomes

E. Mitochondria

C. Terminal cisternae

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit.

A. myosin

B. actin

C. elastin

D. tropomyosin

E. troponin

E. troponin

Which of the myofilaments of a muscle fiber has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind?

A. Actin

B. Troponin

C. Tropomyosin

D. Myosin

E. Thick filament

A. Actin

Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction?

A. Attach - pivot - detach - return

B. Pivot - attach - return - detach

C. Attach - detach - pivot - return

D. Return - pivot - attach - detach

E. Pivot - attach - detach - return

A. Attach - pivot - detach - return

A motor unit consists of a: A single motor neuron b: Neuromuscular junctions c: Muscle fibers d: Several motor neurons e: A single muscle fiber

A. a, b, e

B. a, b, c

C. b, c, d

D. a, e

E. c, d

B. a, b, c

The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are _____ fibers.

A. fast

B. slow

C. intermediate

D. fast and intermediate

E. slow and intermediate

B. slow

A sphincter has

A. widespread muscle fibers that converge on a common attachment site.

B. muscle fibers concentrically arranged.

C. fibers arranged in a parallel form.

D. fascicles arranged obliquely to their tendon.

E. fascicles that alternate superiorly and inferiorly.

B. muscle fibers concentrically arranged.

Pennate muscles resemble a

A. triangle.

B. leaf.

C. spindle.

D. feather.

E. strap.

D. feather.

The biceps brachii is an example of a ________ muscle.

A. bipennate

B. parallel

C. circular

D. convergent

E. multipennate

B. parallel

The type of lever with the fulcrum in the middle is a ________ lever.

A. first-class

B. second-class

C. third-class

A. first-class

The type of muscle fibers that are striated, form Y-shaped branches, and have junctions called intercalated discs are

A. skeletal.

B. cardiac.

C. smooth.

D. voluntary.

E. skeletal and voluntary.

B. cardiac.

The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus, both thick and thin filaments, but no Z discs, are

A. skeletal.

B. cardiac.

C. smooth.

D. cardiac and smooth.

E. cardiac and skeletal.

C. smooth.

The _____________ is the connective tissue covering of a fascicle.

perimysium

The _____________ is the innermost connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle fiber.

endomysium

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the ______________.

sarcolemma

On a muscle fiber, the two terminal cisternae and the centrally placed T-tubule form a structure called a ______________.

triad

During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to actin and thereby form connections called ______________.

crossbridges

The enzyme _____________ resides in the synaptic cleft and breaks down molecules of Ach.

acetylcholinesterase

Skeletal muscle contraction requires large amounts of energy in the form of ___________ in order to complete the sequence of cyclic events that lead to sarcomere shortening.

ATP

An increase in the size of a muscle fiber is called _________________.

hypertrophy

The term diarthrosis refers to a joint that is

A. immobile.

B. freely mobile.

C. fused.

D. slightly mobile.

E. dislocated.

B. freely mobile.

An articular capsule is present in

A. fibrous joints.

B. fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints.

C. synovial joints.

D. fibrous joints and synovial joints.

E. all joints.

C. synovial joints.

What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis?

A. Elastic cartilage

B. Reticular cartilage

C. Hyaline cartilage

D. Fibrocartilage

E. Sutural cartilage

D. Fibrocartilage

Which is not true about synovial joints?

A. All articulating bone surfaces are covered with articular cartilage.

B. Synovial joints are enclosed by fibrous articular capsules.

C. Synovial fluid is secreted by the synovial membrane.

D. Ligaments strengthen and reinforce joints.

E. Blood circulates within the joint cavity to nourish the articular cartilage.

E. Blood circulates within the joint cavity to nourish the articular cartilage.

Which is not a function of synovial fluid?

A. Nourishes osteocytes

B. Lubricates articulating surfaces

C. Removes wastes

D. Serves as shock absorber

E. Distributes stress forces across articular surfaces

A. Nourishes osteocytes

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion synovial joints are called

A. fat pads.

B. articular discs.

C. bursae.

D. menisci.

E. diarthroses.

C. bursae.

Which joint is multiaxial?

A. Pivot

B. Ball and socket

C. Condylar

D. Plane

E. Hinge

B. Ball and socket

Rotation of the forearm so as to direct the palm anteriorly (as in anatomic position) is called

A. abduction.

B. pronation.

C. eversion.

D. supination.

E. protraction.

D. supination.

Movement of a body part toward the main axis of the body is called

A. abduction.

B. flexion.

C. inversion.

D. retraction.

E. adduction.

E. adduction.

Which movement cannot be made by the radiocarpal joint?

A. Abduction

B. Flexion

C. Inversion

D. Extension

E. Adduction

C. Inversion

Which joint is not capable of circumduction?

A. Coxal joint

B. Glenohumeral joint

C. Metacarpophalangeal joint

D. Radiocarpal joint

E. Humeroulnar joint

E. Humeroulnar joint

Clenching the fingers to make a fist, then relaxing and straightening them is an example of __________ followed by __________.

A. flexion; extension

B. extension; flexion

C. adduction; abduction

D. abduction; adduction

E. extension; hyperextension

A. flexion; extension

The joint movement called eversion involves

A. lateral rotation of the coxal joint.

B. medial rotation of the coxal joint.

C. turning the sole of the foot laterally.

D. turning the palm of the hand laterally.

E. turning the palm of the hand or sole of the foot laterally.

C. turning the sole of the foot laterally.

After a pop quiz in anatomy class, you find out that you are one of the top scorers and have earned a prize. As you reach out your hand to receive your prize, what movements of the forearm are involved?

A. Pronation and adduction

B. Supination and extension

C. Depression and flexion

D. Protraction and rotation

E. Eversion and abduction

B. Supination and extension

Which does not correctly pair a movement with its opposing movement?

A. Flexion - extension

B. Abduction - adduction

C. Pronation - supination

D. Elevation - retraction

E. Dorsiflexion - plantar flexion

D. Elevation - retraction

Which is not a correct pairing of a joint with its common name?

A. Radiocarpal joint - wrist

B. Glenohumeral joint - elbow

C. Metacarpophalangeal - knuckle

D. Temporomandibular - TMJ

E. Talocrural - ankle

B. Glenohumeral joint - elbow

In the temporomandibular joint, a pad of fibrocartilage called the _________ divides the synovial cavity into two separate chambers.

A. meniscus

B. articular disc

C. mandibular partition

D. sphenomandibular ligament

E. coronoid capsule

B. articular disc

A sprain is an injury to a joint in which a(n) ___________ is damaged.

A. articular disc

B. articular cartilage

C. ligament

D. bursa

E. meniscus

C. ligament

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.

A. motor

B. cranial

C. ganglial

D. efferent

E. sensory

E. sensory

Which two distinct cell types form nervous tissue?

A. Afferent cells and glial cells

B. Peripheral cells and neurons

C. Glial cells and neurons

D. Peripheral cells and glial cells

E. Glial cells and efferent cells

C. Glial cells and neurons

Which is not characteristic of neurons?

A. High mitotic rate

B. High metabolic rate

C. Require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen

D. Extreme longevity

E. No exceptions; all of these are characteristic of neurons

A. High mitotic rate

Where are synaptic knobs located?

A. At the tips of telodendria

B. At the ends of dendrites

C. Within the cell body

D. Along axon collaterals

E. At the axon hillock

A. At the tips of telodendria

Structurally, the most common type of neuron is the _____ neuron.

A. multipolar

B. bipolar

C. unipolar

D. pseudounipolar

A. multipolar

The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and "deciding" how the body responds to stimuli are

A. sensory neurons.

B. motor neurons.

C. accessory neurons.

D. correlation neurons.

E. interneurons.

E. interneurons.

Glial cells differ from neurons in that they

A. are larger and capable of meiosis.

B. are smaller and capable of mitosis.

C. are found only in the CNS.

D. are found only in the PNS.

E. transmit nerve impulses much more slowly.

B. are smaller and capable of mitosis.

The most abundant glial cell in the CNS is the

A. astrocyte.

B. ependymal cell.

C. neurolemmocyte.

D. microglial cell.

E. oligodendrocyte.

A. astrocyte.

The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the

A. astrocyte.

B. ependymal cell.

C. neurolemmocyte.

D. microglial cell.

E. oligodendrocyte.

B. ependymal cell.

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the

A. astrocyte.

B. ependymal cell.

C. neurolemmocyte.

D. microglial cell.

E. oligodendrocyte.

E. oligodendrocyte.

Which glial cell helps to form the blood-brain barrier?

A. Astrocyte

B. Ependymal cell

C. Neurolemmocyte

D. Microglial cell

E. Oligodendrocyte

A. Astrocyte

Which glial cell myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system?

A. Astrocyte

B. Ependymal cell

C. Neurolemmocyte

D. Microglial cell

E. Oligodendrocyte

C. Neurolemmocyte

Which glial cell defends the body against pathogens?

A. Astrocyte

B. Ependymal cell

C. Neurolemmocyte

D. Microglial cell

E. Oligodendrocyte

D. Microglial cell

Which glial cell protects neuron cell bodies located within ganglia?

A. Satellite cell

B. Ependymal cell

C. Neurolemmocyte

D. Astrocyte

E. Oligodendrocyte

A. Satellite cell

The glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to

A. the high lipid content of the myelin sheath.

B. their proximity to light-reflecting cartilage.

C. their proximity to white bone.

D. the white color of the perivascular feet.

E. the covering of ependymal cells.

A. the high lipid content of the myelin sheath.

Which is true regarding the action of a neurolemmocyte?

A. Each neurolemmocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.

B. A neurolemmocyte is responsible for forming part of the blood-brain barrier.

C. Neurolemmocytes function only within the CNS.

D. Each neurolemmocyte can wrap only a 1mm portion of a single axon.

E. A neurolemmocyte attacks pathogens.

D. Each neurolemmocyte can wrap only a 1mm portion of a single axon.

Which statement is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte?

A. Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.

B. An oligodendrocyte is responsible for forming part of the blood-brain barrier.

C. Oligodendrocytes function only within the PNS.

D. Each oligodendrocyte can wrap only a 1mm portion of a single axon.

E. A neurolemmocyte attacks pathogens.

A. Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.

The function of neurofibril nodes is to

A. inhibit the transmission of a nerve impulse.

B. provide points of attachment for nerve threads.

C. produce a faster nerve impulse through salutatory conduction.

D. produce a slower impulse through continuous conduction.

E. protect the delicate axon sheath.

C. produce a faster nerve impulse through salutatory conduction.

Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along

A. myelinated axons.

B. dendrites.

C. unmyelinated axons.

D. axons in the PNS.

E. axons in the CNS.

C. unmyelinated axons.

A nerve impulse travels fastest along ________ axons of ______ diameter.

A. myelinated; small

B. unmyelinated; small

C. myelinated; large

D. unmyelinated; large

E. None of the choices; axon diameter does not affect impulse conduction.

C. myelinated; large

This condition involves progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. As a result, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination.

A. Guillain-Barré syndrome

B. Parkinson disease

C. Multiple sclerosis

D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

E. None of the choices is correct.

C. Multiple sclerosis

This condition is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system characterized by muscle weakness that begins in the distal limbs, but rapidly advances to involve proximal muscles as well.

A. Guillain-Barré syndrome

B. Parkinson disease

C. Multiple sclerosis

D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

E. None of the choices is correct.

A. Guillain-Barré syndrome

Arrange the primary brain vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order. a: Rhombencephalon b: Mesencephalon c: Prosencephalon

A. a, c, b

B. b, a, c

C. a, b, c

D. c, b, a

E. c, a, b

D. c, b, a

Arrange the five secondary vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order. a: Diencephalon b: Myelencephalon c: Telencephalon d: Metencephalon e: Mesencephalon

A. b, a, c, d, e

B. a, b, c, d, e

C. b, c, a, e, d

D. c, d, e, a, b

E. c, a, e, d, b

E. c, a, e, d, b

Which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Myelencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Mesencephalon

B. Diencephalon

The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebrum is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Myelencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Mesencephalon

A. Telencephalon

The portion of the adult brain that includes the medulla oblongata is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Myelencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Mesencephalon

C. Myelencephalon

What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep? a: Dura mater b: Pia mater c: Arachnoid

A. a, b, c

B. a, c, b

C. b, a, c

D. b, c, a

E. c, b, a

B. a, c, b

Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?

A. Pia mater

B. Arachnoid

C. Dura mater

D. Subdural layer

E. Subarachnoid layer

C. Dura mater

The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the

A. pia mater.

B. arachnoid.

C. dura mater.

D. periosteal layer.

E. subarachnoid layer.

B. arachnoid.

The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the

A. pia mater.

B. arachnoid.

C. dura mater.

D. periosteal layer.

E. subdural layer.

A. pia mater.

The horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the

A. diaphragma sellae.

B. falx cerebelli.

C. tentorium cerebelli.

D. superior sagittal sinus.

E. falx cerebri.

C. tentorium cerebelli.

The largest of the four dural septa, this large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

A. Diaphragma sellae

B. Falx cerebelli

C. Tentorium cerebelli

D. Superior sagittal sinus

E. Falx cerebri

E. Falx cerebri

A sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres is the

A. diaphragma sellae.

B. falx cerebelli.

C. tentorium cerebelli.

D. superior sagittal sinus.

E. falx cerebri.

B. falx cerebelli.

A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _____ ventricle.

A. third

B. lateral

C. fourth

D. median

E. falx

B. lateral

The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _____ ventricle.

A. third

B. lateral

C. fourth

D. median

E. falx

A. third

The brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the _____ ventricle.

A. third

B. lateral

C. fourth

D. median

E. falx

C. fourth

Which is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A. CSF helps to remove waste products from the brain.

B. CSF helps to reduce the effective weight of the brain.

C. CSF transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain.

D. CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.

E. CSF provides a liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden movements.

D. CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the

A. choroid plexus.

B. arachnoid villi.

C. arachnoid granulation.

D. septum pellucidum.

E. mesencephalic aqueduct.

A. choroid plexus.

Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by

A. the median aperture.

B. microglia.

C. astrocytes.

D. arachnoid villi.

E. the choroid plexus.

D. arachnoid villi.

List these events in the correct order for CSF flow in the CNS. a: CSF flows into the arachnoid villi b: CSF enters the blood c: CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle d: CSF flows into the subarachnoid space e: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus

A. a, b, c, e, d

B. e, a, b, c, d

C. c, d, a, e, b

D. e, c, d, a, b

E. e, d, a, b, c

D. e, c, d, a, b

The blood-brain barrier is made up of

A. microglial extensions and capillary endothelial cells.

B. ependymal cells and venous blood vessels.

C. astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells.

D. astrocyte extensions and dural sinuses.

E. astrocyte perivascular feet and the falx cerebri.

C. astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells.

The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the

A. cerebellum.

B. pons.

C. hypothalamus.

D. corpus callosum.

E. cerebrum.

E. cerebrum.

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is/are the

A. cerebral gyri.

B. cerebral sulci.

C. longitudinal fissure.

D. hypothalamus.

E. corpus callosum.

E. corpus callosum.

Which is a function of the brain's frontal lobe?

A. Smell

B. Verbal communication

C. Hearing

D. Speech interpretation

E. Vision

B. Verbal communication

The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the

A. occipital lobe.

B. temporal lobe.

C. insula.

D. parietal lobe.

E. frontal lobe.

A. occipital lobe.

The primary somatosensory cortex is part of the

A. occipital lobe.

B. temporal lobe.

C. insula.

D. parietal lobe.

E. frontal lobe.

D. parietal lobe.

The primary motor cortex is part of the

A. occipital lobe.

B. temporal lobe.

C. insula.

D. parietal lobe.

E. frontal lobe.

E. frontal lobe.

The most caudal part of the brain, the _________, is continuous with the spinal cord.

A. pons

B. thalamus

C. medulla oblongata

D. hypothalamus

E. cerebellum

C. medulla oblongata

This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.

A. Pons

B. Medulla oblongata

C. Cerebrum

D. Cerebellum

E. Epithalamus

D. Cerebellum