Motor Learning in Intervention Planning

performance is the behavior act of

execution of a skill at a specific time and location

performance is a ___________ observable behavior

Directly observable

learning is a change in...

ability to perform a skill that must be inferred from a permanent improvement from practice or experience

learning must be inferred from

observable behavior

What are the six characteristics of skill learning

- improvement

- consistency

- stability

- persistence

- adaptability

- reduction of attention

- improvement

- consistency

- stability

- persistence

- adaptability

- reduction of attention

Associative learning is to

predict relationships between stimuli

Procedural learning is when tasks can be performed....

automatically without attention or conscious though

with procedural knowledge one is able to

demonstrate performance of a skill

with declarative knowledge one is able to

describe the steps or "how to" perform the skill

requires conscious though

Procedural learning results from a combination of

repetition and varying conditions

Explicit learning/knowledge can be practiced...

in ways different than how it was learned

Cognitive factors include

motivation

attention

salience

Fitt's and Posner Three Stage Model consists of

cognitive stage

associative stage

autonomous stage

The cognitive stage involves

understanding of task nature, and development of tasks to carry out task

The associative stage involves

mastery of basic forms of movement with begininng to refine movement

The associative stage can last

days to weeks to months

The autonomous stage involves

automaticity of skill, low degree f attention required for performance

Fitt's and Posner Clinical Implications, first stage involves

great deal of attention and though

Fitt's and Posner Clinical Implications, second stage

movements are refined

Fitt's and Posner Clinical Implications, third stage

task becomes automatic

Implicit: Associative Learning is best for

autonomous

Implicit: Procedural is best for

Associative stage

Explicit: Declarative is best for

cognitive stage

(T/F)Dependence on sensory feedback does not change across stages

true

If a person must perform without the same sensory feedback available, retrieval of the representation from memory is...

Less than optimal.

Practice does not make perfect....

Perfect practice makes perfect

Immediate retention or demonstration effects

performance

Long-term retention or demonstration relates to

Learning

When making a task meaningful, you should focus on

attention and patient goals

The usefulness of cues depends on

arousal state

Moderate arousal level is "___ ____ _______"

in the zone

patients at moderate arousal are best to take in

perceptual cues

For observational learning, you must demonstrate the skill, and it can be used on

experts and learners

For observational learning, you must demonstrate the skill, what two aspects are normally focused on

timing

spatial relationships

For observational learning, have the learner observe ___________ they attempt skil

BEFORE

observational learning is the learning of a skill that results from

the direct observation of a person (or people) performing, or learning to perform, the skill

Modeling is an

n instructional strategy that encourages observational learning

For an effective demonstration

- demonstrate performance __________

- demonstrate _____________

- demonstrate ___________ practice as frequently as needed

- demonstrate performance correctly

- demonstrate BEFORE

- demonstrate during practice as frequently as needed

verbal instructions often prompt the patient to

recognize errors

External focus facilitates _______ performance & learning

better

external focus allows for ________ & ________ learning based on outcome

intrinsic & extrinsic

Demonstration greatest benefit during ____ ______ learning and do frequently

new skill

___________ of practice is the most important factor

AMOUNT

___________ & DIFFICULTY of each practice session

QUALITY

Optimal skill learning occurs when the task is _____________ difficult and results in _____________ success.

Optimal skill learning occurs when the task is moderately difficult and results in intermittent success.

Off-Task considerations

- motivation

- ________ information

- perceptual __________

- _____________ learning

- mental __________

- motivation

- verbal information

- perceptual learning

- observational learning

- mental practice

On-task considerations

- ___________ of practice

- ____ v whole practice

- guidance v discovery

- ___________ schedule

- variability of practice

- Part v whole practice

- guidance v discovery

- practuce schedule

Creating the Optimal Challenge Point, one should take into account

learners skill level

environmental conditions

Many clinicians progress the task difficulty when the patient can complete ___% of trials successfully

70%

Intrinsic feedback is from

sensory systems and results of the movement

Extrinsic/augmented feedback is

knowledge of performance vs knowledge of results

Examples of intrinsic feedback include

visual information about movement accuracy

proprioceptive limb information

Extrinsic/augmented feedback is mostly

verbal or tactile cutes

visual or other information from the enviroment

Intrinsic feedback is from what processing

vision, vestibular, somatosensory

Knowledge of performance is externally presented information about ____________ __________________ that led to the performance outcome

movement characteristics

Knowledge of performance is externally presented information about the ___________ of an attempt to perform a skill

outcome

Context effects = factors that make performing a task _____ __________ initially

more difficult

Context effects often make learning ______ ___________ in the long term

more effective

Variable Practice is Effective for:

- __________ absolute errors

- ___----- ability to adapt & increase learning

- Tasks likely performed in ________ conditions

- ___________ ability to adapt & generalize learning

- Smaller absolute errors

- Higher ability to adapt & increase learning

- Tasks likely performed in variable conditions

- Increased ability to adapt & generalize learning

- Contextual interference = more effective....

long-term learning

Practice the whole task/skill Facilitates development of motor programs for controlling....

complex tasks

Error is essential for....

transfer of learning

Optimal learning requires exposure to....

variety of tasks

OPTIMAL Theory of Motor Learning combines insights from a number of different disciplines, those being

Behavioral Social-Cognitive Neuropsychological