Chapter 30 APUSH American Pageant

Red Scare

US became nativists, radicals were shunned

Red Scare fueled by Russian revolution and Debs’ growing numbers, solution was to shun foreigners from this area

Solutions to Red Scare

Atty General Mitchell Palmer wanted to round up the reds, arrested many people

Free speech under fire, outlawed social change and many people were denied legislation seats

Faces of the Red Scare

Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants accused of murder

Less on evidence and more on other strikes (Italian, atheist, anarchists), and more, executed

KKK Beliefs

Revamped, added hatred toward Catholics, Jewish, pacifists, communists, gamblers, adultery, and more (Pro Anglo Saxon)

Reached 5 million members, employed lynchings and fear and were setback by initiation scams

How were foreigners taken control of?

Limited new immigrants with Emergency Quota Act (cut number of immigrants to 3%), not good enough

Immigration Act: 2% of a certain population (New Immigrants out), Japanese kicked out and Canadians/Latinos were desired to work

What was the impact that this had on the US

More foreigners left than came, first restrictions on immigration and end of free/open immigration, “Melting pot”

Kallen argued ethnic groups should keep old-world traditions, Bourne argued that everyone should share to create mixed nationalities

Prohibition Experiment

18th Amendment prohibited alcohol, Volstead Act carried out the amendment (popular in the South and the West), bank success increased and less work absences

Many did not like the amendment due to precedents, many ignored prohibition and snuck strong alcohol

What did prohibition cause?

Organized crime, gangs emerged trying to sell liquor with accomplices, Chicago had numerous different gangsters

Al Capone was the biggest, never arrested for murders but was jailed for tax evasion

End result of gang violence

By 1930 the gang income was between $12 to 18 billion

Gang violence hit headlines when Lindbergh’s baby was kidnapped for ransom, Lindbergh Law made interstate kidnapping punishable by death

How was education/science increasing?

John Dewey wanted hands-on learning in schools, science was advancing due to Rockefeller Foundation eliminating hookworm

“Scopes Monkey Trial” versed traditionalists, Scopes taught evolution and many fundamentalists were angry about it

How did the Scopes Trial go?

Evo vs creation, (Darrow vs Jennings Bryan), Bryan was an expert of the bible but was defeated by Darrow

Scopes broken no-evolution law but was given slap on the wrist, Bryan died shortly after (fundamentalism still continued to grow)

How was the economy doing right after recession?

Great economy: Mellons low-tax encouraged growth, machinery got better by Ford (mass production with low costs)

Advertising by Barton, people began buying immensely, mass media grew along with sports

How was the automobile developing?

Americans developed gasoline engine, Taylor promoted efficiency in the working area, Ford and Olds were early moguls

Cars were unreliable but inexpensive and anyone could drive them

What was the gasoline age?

Cars created 6 millio new jobs and became US’s number one mode of transport

Roads were paved and cars brought independence

The Age of Airplanes

The Wright brothers flew for the first time, airplanes continued to grow even in WWI (crude bombers)

Post-WWI planes exploded in airmail, Lindbergh was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic

Radio Revolution

Marconi invented wireless telegraphy, used in WWI and gave birth to radio (first broadcast KDKA)

Radio spread to national shows, Crosley’s station sent 500,000 watts

How did radio change society?

Standardized Americans, radio drew people close to home and was a powerful medium for ads and sports

Hollywood’s immense rise

Edison invented movies, The Great Train Robbery was first followed by Griffith’s Birth of a Nation (stunned viewers)

Hollywood became movie headquarters, Jazz Singer was the first movie with sound, many critics thought US was becoming a circus

Social Changes throughout the 20s

Americans began to be more urban, newer traditions (Sanger promoted birth control and National Women’s Party emerged)

Religion watered down, modernists thought that god was a friend

The Jazz Age

Shocked the elders, many women were dressed revealingly and had inappropriate behavior (Freud said repression of sex was bad)

Jazz Pioneers were Morton and Oliver, mostly out of black artists

How were blacks doing in the 1920s?

Blacks had more voices with Hughes as black voice and Garvey’s United Negro Improvement Association to relocate blacks and sponsor blacks, failed

Garvey created the Nation of Islam movement

Turning Point in Literature

Mencknen criticized society in American Monthly, F. Scott Fitzgerald was a spokesman (Great Gatsby, more masterpieces)

Dreiser wrote realist stories with tragedy, Hemingway wrote story inspired based of his empty hollow life due to WWI

Who were some more authors?

Anderson wrote about small-town America, Lewis did the same with materialism

Faulkner wrote about the haunting southern experience

Who were some notable poets?

Pound and Eliot wrote about the Waste Land, Robert Frost wrote about New England, Cummings experimented with typeset

O’Neill was a great playwright, Freudian ideas of Sex

The Harlem Renaissance

Outpouring African-American art/culture, led by writers (McKay, Hughes, Hurston) and jazz musicians (Armstrong and Blake)

Wright was an understudy of Sullivan, stunned people with concrete and steel use to make “form follows function”, Empire State Building completed

What was foreshadowing recession?

Too much speculation, (Florida land boom until hurricane busted the market), stock market had many people investing early “on margin” (wild debt if dropped)

Bureau of the Budget passed by Mellon disliked high taxes left over, taxes lowered and profits = speculation

Harding’s inauguration to office

Gullible, brought “best minds” to office (Hughes in Sec of State, Mellon in treasury and Hoover in commerce)

Huge duds in the administration, Fall was anti-conservationist dealing with natural resources and Daugherty was a small-town lawyer in attorney general

How did Harding do with the people?

Harding lacked vigor as a leader, many of his Old Guard wanted laissez-faire for business

Harding appointed 4 Supreme Court Justices, 3 were traditionalists and one (Taft) was a liberal,

What laws were stopped by the Court

Federal child-labor law stopped, Adkins v Children’s Hospital reversed Muller v Oregon, women protection and minimum wage were wiped

Anti-trust laws set aside, free expansion of the business

How did the government step away from business intervention?

War Industries Board gone and railroad control was back to private (Esch-Cummins Transport Act)

Federal government got out of shipping with Merchant Marine Act, shipping board sold WWI ships to private shippers, smaller navy

How did labor movement struggle badly?

Bloody strike broken, Railway Labor Board cut wages by 12% causing another strike (Daugherty crushed the strike and collapsed union enrollment)

Veterans organized with TR (American Legion), sought veteran benefits, “bonus bill” vetoed but eventually passed during Coolidge Era (Adjusted Compensation Act)

How was the war OFFICIALLY ended?

Joint Resolution in 1921, not in the League of Nations, Harding got rights for oil in Middle East, disarmament confrence was held

Hughes suggested 5:5:3 ratio of ships, Five Power Treaty with 5:5:3 ratio, 4-Power Treaty required Japan, Brit, France, and US to keep quo status in Pacific, 9-Power = Open door policy

What happened at the meetings end?

Harding crowd boasted disarmament but still no limit on small ships and was not bound to 4 power treaty

International trend to end warfare, Kellogg won Nobel Peace Prize for Kellogg-Briand Pact, outlawing war

What occurred with the tariff during this time?

Business hiked up the tariff in Fordney-McCumber tariff (38.5%), allowed to fluctuate to 50%

Snag in the system, Europe not able to pay US back due to crippled exports

How much scandals were there during Harding’s time?

Harding was honest but his men weren’t, Forbes skimmed money as a chief of Veteran’s Bureau, took $200 million (Daugherty sold permits during Prohibition)

Teapot Dome scandal with Fall, took land with oil under his power and took bribe from Sinclair and Doheny for drilling rights, Fall was arrested

What happened after Harding’s stressed eath?

Cooldige became president and was shy, ironic during the 20s (Pro business, loved the factories)

Farmers enjoyed boom during WWI and technology increases helped too, 20s the joy ended due to decreasing prices

How did farmers save themselves?

Carper Volstead Act exempted farmer cooperatives from antitrust, McNary-Haugen Bill tried to keep agricultural goods priced high but was vetoed

In election, Coolidge went against Davis but failed to condemn the KKK, La Follette nominated by the Progressive party

How was the new foreign policy going to be?

Isolationist, stay out of League and US Pulled troops out of DR but kept in Haiti + settled oil issue with Mexico (Latinos didn’t like US force)

US demanded Euro debt repaid, huge price tag on Germany instead causing too much inflation, debt was almost hopeless

The Dawes Plan

Created by Dawes, America loaned money to Germany and Germany would make payments to Britain and France to repay America, circle of money (nothing gained, never paid)

Coolidge withdrew from election, Hoover was nominee and spoke of self-sufficiency of old days

How was the campaign in 1928?

Smith was Democrat nominee, had the people’s touch but was Catholic and Radio affected the election, Hoover spoke well about individualism

Campaign had mudslinging with Solid-South avoiding Smith due to being a Catholic drinker, Hoover won

Hoover’s first moves

Enjoyed the prosperity, made the Agricultural Marketing Act with Federal Farm Board for money for farmers, started Grain/Cotton Stabilization Corp

Hawley-Smoot Tariff hiked up to 60%, slowed trade and deepened depression + isolation to allow Hitler’s growth

How did the end of the 20s come soon?

Stock market shot really high but on Black Tuesday the bottom dropped after bad news from Britain, $40 billion lost by the end of 1929

Businesses went out of business and unemployment shot up, banks went bankrupt (Overspeculation and overproduction caused this)

Who was to blame for this crash?

Debt, Great Depression was international and natural disasters made farmers worse (slums created named Hoovervilles)

Hoover took blame, rugged individualist prevented gov action, didn’t feed his own people and changed from laissez faire

How did Hoover interpret the Great Depression

“Business cycle”, wait it out but did need action ($2.25 billion out for Hoover Dam for irrigation and electricity, vetoed Muscle Shoals Bill for Tennessee Dam)

Reconstruction Finance Corporation passed to profit on loan interest, many labor unions gained steam

How were Labor Unions and other groups supported during this time?

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction outlawed yellow dog contracts and could not hinder strikes or boycotts, Hoover eventually got more involved

WWI veterans wanted bonus and Bonus Expeditionary Force drummed up, rioted in Washington and hated by Hoover (evicted by MacArthur with gas)

How were problems stirring up abroad

Japan invaded Manchuria and involved US, did not violate the Kellogg Pact (League wanted to boycott Japan and US alone did not recognize territories achieved by force)

Japan was insulted and bombed China, most Americans couldn’t do anything but new precedent of strong taking over weak emerged

Good Neighbor Policy

US relations with Latin America hurting since 1900 and was changed, went on tour around Latin America

No Dollar diplomacy, Haiti and Nicaragua had their troops pulled out and laid ground work for FDR’s good neighbor policy