Quizlet Qs (Ver. 2) Ch. 6, 18 & 21 - Radiography

1. Which of the following areas would appear the most radiopaque on a dental image?
a. Composite
b. Amalgam
C. Air space
d. Enamel

B

2. Density is defined as
a. a radiopaque image.
b. a radiolucent image.
c. the overall blackness or darkness of an image.
d. the difference in degrees of blackness between adjacent areas on a dental image.

C

3. You are showing your patient a bite-wing image. Your patient points to a portion of the tooth that is the most radiopaque and wants to know what it is. What portion of the tooth is your patient pointing to?
a. The enamel
b. The pulp
с. The denton
d. The periodontal ligament space

A

4. Radiolucent refers to that portion of a dental image that is
a. black.
b. white.
с. contains the tooth.
d. within the plastic base.

A

5. If the milliamperage is increased, the receptor density —-and the image appears —-
a. increases; lighter
b. increases; darker
с. decreases; darker
d. decreases; lighter

B

6. If the operating kiloyoltage is increased, the receptor density— because the average energy of the x-rays is raised.
a. increases
b. decreases
с. remains the same
d. is divided by two

A

7. You have to take retake a dental image on your patient because the image is too light and is undiagnostic. Which of the following could you change to produce an image with increased density?
a. Increasing the exposure time
b. Increasing the subject thickness
с. Decreasing the milliamperage
d. Decreasing the operating kilovoltage

A

The teeth on your patient's images appear very radiopaque and the periodontium and tissue appear very radiolucent. Your patient's dental image has
a. high density.
b. low density.
с. low contrast.
d. high contrast.

D

9. A dental image that has— is said to have high contrast.
a. a very dark overall appearance
b. a very light overall appearance
с. many shades of gray
d. very dark areas and very light areas

D

10. An increase in— temperature will result in a film with increased contrast.
a. development
b. water bath
C. fixer
d. room

A

The range of useful densities seen on a dental image is termed the
a. film contrast.
b. subject contrast.
c. scale of contrast.
d. kilovoltage peak.

C

12. A stepwedge will reveal that images taken at a lower kV will have ___ than images taken at a higher kV
A more shades of gray
B higher contrast
C lower contrast
D both a and c

B

The typical stepwedgę is constructed of
a. aluminum.
b. steel.
C. wood.
d. сopper.

A

A stepwedge will reveal that images taken at a higher kV will have —-versus images taken at a lower kV.
a. long-scale contrast
b. high contrast
с. only two densities
d. many areas of black and white

A

The geometric characteristic of —refers to an image that appears larger than the actual size of the object it represents.
a. magnification
b. distortion
C. sharpness
d. parallax

A

Which of the following influencing factors would degrade sharpness?
(1) Smaller silver halide crystal size
(2) Larger silver halide crystal size
(3) Smaller focal spot
(4) Larger focal spot
a. 1 and 3
b. 1 and 4
с. 2 and 3
d. 2 and 4

D

The primary factor that limits the size of the tungsten target is
a. the cost of the materials.
b. heat production.
c. the limited kinetic energy of the electrons.
d. the limited kinetic energy of the photons.

B

Which of the following factors would improve image sharpness?
a. Larger focal spot
b. Larger crystal size in the film
с. Smaller crystal size in the film
d. Patient movement during x-ray exposure

C

In order to use the paralleling technique when taking periapical images on your patient, you will need to place the receptor approximately an inch from the teeth. Which of the following will you need to do to decrease image magnification?
a. Increase target-receptor distance.
b. Decrease target-receptor distance.
с. Decrease source to object distance.
d. There is no change in magnification; therefore, no changes need to be made.

A

A longer position-indicating device (PID) results in
a. an increased target-receptor distance.
b. a more divergent x-ray beam.
с. more image magnification than when a shorter PID is used.
d. an increased object-receptor distance.

A

To minimize dimensional distortion, the object and receptor must be —one another.
a. perpendicular to
b. parallel to
c. at a 45-degree angle to
d. more than the length of the PID apart from

B

You are taking dental images on your patient. You have directed the position indicating device (PID) perpendicular to the tooth and the receptor. Which of the following would you minimize by doing this?
a. Sharpness
b. Grain size
с. Focal spot size
d. Dimensional distortion

D

(1) The bite-wing tab is a heavy paperboard tab or loop fitted around a periapical film or sensor and used to stabilize the receptor during exposure. (2) The periapical receptor is oriented in the bite loop so that the tab portion extends from the white side (tube side) of the film or sensor.
A Both statements are true.
B Both statements are false.
C The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

A

You have a 4-year-old boy in your chair, which size receptor will you need to use to take bite-wing images on him?
A size 0
B size 1
C size 2
D size 3

A

Which size bite-wing receptor may be placed in a horizontal or vertical position?
A size 0
B size 1
C size 2
D size 3

C

Your 35-year-old patient has clinical attachment loss in the posterior teeth. What type of bite-wing images should you take, and what size receptor should you use?
A Horizontal; 0
B Horizontal; 2
C Vertical; 0
D Vertical; 2

D

(1) The size 3 receptor can only be used for bite-wing images. (2) The size 3 receptor is the recommended size for adult bite-wing images.
A Both statements are true
B Both statements are false.
C The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

C

In the adult patient, which size receptor is recommended for bite-wing exposures?
A Size 0
B Size 1
C Size 2
D Size 3

C

When taking a molar bite-wing image, in order to follow rule number 1 of the bite-wing technique, receptor placement, what must the mesial part of the bite-wing receptor cover?
A Mesial of the mandibular first molar
B Both first molars
C Mesial of the mandibular second premolar
D Both second premolars

C

The problem with a using single bite-wing receptor per side for adult patients is increased
A x-ray exposure.
B possibility of inciting the gag reflex.
C overlapped contacts.
D useful diagnostic information.

C

When determining vertical angulation, if the position-indicating device (PID) is positioned above the occlusal plane and the central ray is directed _______, the vertical angulation is termed _________.
A upward; positive
B downward; positive
C upward; negative
D downward; negative

B

Which of the following exposure sequences is recommended for the patient who requires both periapical and bite-wing images?
1. Bite-wing exposures
2. Anterior periapical receptors
3. Posterior periapical receptors
A 1,2,3
B 2,1,3
C 2,3,1
D 3,1,2

C

Vertical bite-wings are often used for patients with
A mixed dentition
B extensive decay.
C bone loss.
D sealants.

C

What modification in technique is recommended when the patient has an edentulous space causing a problem with bite-wing receptor placement?
A Skip the bite-wing receptor.
B Place a cotton roll in the area of the missing tooth or teeth.
C Have the patient hold the receptor in position with a hemostat.
D Take a periapical receptor with a bite-block instead

B

According to the text, the identification dot on the film in bite-wing placement
A should be oriented "dot down."
B should be oriented "dot distal."
C should be oriented "dot up."
D has no significance.

D

Where should you position the mesial edge of the receptor when taking a premolar bite-wing image?
A Midline of the maxillary canine
B Midline of the mandibular canine
C Mesial of the maxillary first premolar
D Mesial of the mandibular first premolar

B

Where should you position the mesial edge of the receptor when taking a molar bite-wing image?
A Distal of the maxillary first premolar
B Distal of the mandibular first premolar
C Midline of the maxillary second premolar
D Midline of the mandibular second premolar

D

(1) Overlapped interproximal contacts are caused by improper vertical angulation. (2) To prevent overlap, the vertical angulation should be adjusted to +10 degrees.
A Both statements are true.
B Both statements are false.
C The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

B

What vertical angulation should you use when adjusting the PID to take bite-wing images with bite-tabs?
A -10 degrees
B 0 degrees
C +5 degrees
D +10 degrees

D

The contacts on your dental image are closed. You will need to take a retake. What should you do in order to achieve open contacts on your retake dental image?
A Direct the PID at a +10 degree vertical angulation.
B Direct the PID at a -10 degree vertical angulation.
C Direct the PID through the contacts of the teeth.
D Stabilize the receptor when the patient bites.

C

Which of the following is NOT an extraoral image?
Waters
Periapical
Lateral Cephlometric
Panoramic

periapical

A beam alignment device can be used to help the dental radiographer position the PID in relation to the _____________ and the receptor.
tooth
extension arm
control panel
collimator

tooth

Which technique examines the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image?
A. Periapical bisecting technique
B. Interproximal examination
C. Occlusal technique
D. Periapical paralleling technique

B

The bite-wing receptor is used for the
A. interproximal examination
B. periapical paralleling technique
C. occlusal technique
D. periapical bisecting technique

A

Defined as a series of intraoral dental images that show all the tooth-bearing areas of both jaws
Interproximal Examination
Full Mouth Series
Occlusal Examination
Panoramic

full mouth series

Which intraoral imaging technique would you use to capture the entire lower arch (mandible) on one image?
Occlusal Examination
Bite-wing
Periapical
Panoramic

occlusal examination

Your patient asked you why dental images are important. Which of the following is the correct response?
A. Many dental diseases are typically discovered only through the use of dental images
B. An oral examination with dental images limits the practitioner to what is only seen clinically
C. Dental images are not a necessary component of comprehensive patient care
D. All dental diseases and conditions produce clinical signs and symptoms

A

Which of the following images is used to evaluate the crown, roots, and supporting bone of a tooth?
Panoramic
Interproximal
Occlusal
Periapical

periapical

How many dental images would you take on your patient if you were taking a FMS?
14 to 20
18-20
4 to 7
7 to 14

14 to 20

When are bite-wings and periapical images prescribed?
A. Every other year
B. As needed, based on the patient's individual needs
C. Every year
D. According to a set schedule

B

If your patient is edentulous, how many radiographs would you take for a CMS/CMR/FMX

14- essentially no bitewings but we want periapicals to see the bone structure

Periapicals need to show the entire root and crown, but how many millimeters must be shown above the crown and root

2.0 to 3.0 mm

If your patient has NO clinical sign of disease, is it appropriate to take a full CMS

No

True or false, overlapped interproximal contacts are caused by improper horizontal angulation

True

What are the components to a diagnostic dental image

- must have proper density and contrast
- teeth and artifacts must NOT be magnified or distorted
- must have sharp outlines

What are two visual characteristics of a radiographic image

Density and contrast

What are the factors influencing DENSITY

- kilovoltage
- milliamperage
- exposure time
- subject thickness

If kV in decreased, what happens to density and the image

Density is then decreased and the image will appear lighter

If exposure time is decreased, what happens to density and the image

The density is decreased and the image appear lighter

If there is increased subject thickness, what happens to density and the image

The density is then decreased and the image appears lighter

What adjustments can be made to compensate for subject thickness

Exposure time, mA, kV

What factor influences contrast

Kilovoltage

If kV is increased, what happens to contrast and the image

Contrast is decreased which means the image will have MANY gray areas

What is film contrast

Characteristics of film that influence radiographic CONTRAST

What are the two factors that influence film contrast

- inherent qualities of the film from the manufacturer
- how the radiographer develops the film

What is subject contrast

Characteristics of the patient that influence contrast

What is short scale contrast

When the kV is decreased which makes the image have distinct black and white areas

What is long scale contrast

When the kV is increased which makes the image have may shades of gray

What is a step wedge

A device used to demonstrate short scale and long scale contrast

What can the step wedge be used for

- monitor qualities of the film
- film processing and digital sensors
- calibration of x-ray machine

What are the three geometric characteristics of the radiographic image

- sharpness
- magnification
- distortion

What is the penumbra

the fuzzy or blurred area that surrounds an image

What are the influencing factors of sharpness

- focal spot size
- film composition
- movement

What happens to the sharpness when the focal spot size is small

The image is sharper

True or false, when the tube head, receptor or patients moves, does it effect the sharpness

Yes

What are the factors that influence magnification

- target receptor distance
- object receptor distance

What is target receptor distance

The distance between focal spot and image receptors

What determines the target-receptor distance

The PID length

What is object receptor distance

Distance between the tooth and the receptor

True or false, the tooth and receptor should always be as close together as possible

Yes

What are the influencing factors of distortion

- object receptor alignment
- x-ray beam angulation

True or false, the x-ray beam must be perpendicular to the tooth and receptor

True

What are the three types of intraoral imaging examinations

- periapical
- interproximal/bitewing
- occlusal

What technique is used for periapical examinations

Bisecting and paralleling technique

What size receptor is best for a PA examination

Size 2

What technique is used for interproximal examination

Bitewing technique

What is the occlusal examination used for

To examines large areas of the maxillary and mandibular arches

What technique is used for occlusal examinations

Occlusal technique

True or false, bitewings should only be taken when teeth have interproximal contacts

True

What are the general diagnostic criteria's for intraoral images

- optimal density, contrast, definition and detail
- least amount of distortions possible
- CMS musts show tooth bearing areas of dentulous and edentulous patients
- PA's must show 2-3 mm above or below the crown/root areas
- BWX must have open contacts

What are examples of extraoral images

- panoramic
- lateral jaw
- lateral cephalometric
- CBCT

What are the criteria's of prescribing dental images

- based on individual needs of the patient
- new patient that presents with clinical EVIDENCE of generalized disease and hx extensive dental treatment SHOULD get a CMS

What are the purposes for BWX's

- detect interproximal caries
- assess crestal bone
- assess existing restoration

What is the appearance of opened contacts on a BWX

Open= thin radiolucent lines between adjacent teeth

What are the principles of the bitewing technique

- receptor placed in mouth PARALLEL to crowns of maxillary and mandibular
- receptor stabilized when pt bites down
- central ray directed through contacts of teeth
- vertical angulation of +10

What are the two ways the receptor can be stabilized during a BWX

- using a beam alignment device (XCP) WHICH IS RECOMMENDED
- bitewing tabs

What is the correct way to exhibit horizontal angulation

The central ray is directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch and through the contact areas of the teeth

What is negative vertical angulation

When the ray is directed upward

What are the basic RULES of the bitewing technique

- receptor must be positioned to cover prescribed area
- receptor must be positioned parallel to crown and stabilized
- when using bite tab, vertical angulation must be +10
- central ray directed through contacts
- x-ray beam centered on receptor to ensure all areas of receptor exposed

How many exposures in total involves vertical bitewings

7- 3 anterior and 4 posteri