AP Psychology Unit 7

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation from internal factors

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation from external factors

3 main motivators

sex, hunger, need to belong

Self-actualization

The process by which people achieve their full potential

Optimal arousal theory of motivation

Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal (optimal) state

Instinct theory of motivation

We are motivated by natural instincts, unlearned

James-Lange Theory

Action before Emotion. physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotional reactions and corresponding physical reactions happen simultaneously

Drive-Reduction theory of motivation

Organisms are motivated to reduce a state of arousal caused by a physiological need (drive)

Arousal

a heightened state of awareness, orienting response, or mental alertness that stimulates a review of the relationship

Id

The instinctive part of personality that focuses on instant gratification and pleasure

Ego

The "self" or "reality" part of personality; the decision-maker and peace-keeper

Superego

The moral part of personality

Defense mechanism

A mental deception used to avoid conscious conflict or anxiety- happens subconsciously

Repression (defense mechanism)

A person forgets experience (pushes it into the unconscious)

Denial (defense mechanism)

A person refuses to believe painful realities

Projection (defense mechanism)

A person "projects" their own thoughts and feelings onto someone else

Regression (defense mechanism)

A person goes back to an earlier or less mature state or behavior

Displacement (defense mechanism)

A person redirects or "places" their feelings of aggression onto a person or object.

Extrovert

An outgoing person

Introvert

A person whose thoughts and interests are directed inward

Incentive theory of motivation

A theory that states that people are motivated by external rewards.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

Needs

things that are required in order to live

Drive

a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

part of the hypothalamus; feeding center; stimulates hunger; if destroyed, may cause starvation because organism doesn't receive cue to eat; L comes before V, therefore you have to start eating before you can stop

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

part of the hypothalamus; satiety center; ceases hunger; in rats, works as a "on-off' switch (studies caused obese rats); has been challenged as the on-off switch; L comes before V, therefore you have to start eating before you can stop

Set Point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Settling Point

the level at which the various factors that influence body weight achieve an equilibrium. environment and biology.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

Ghrelin

hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain

Leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.

Oxerin

further increases appetite, involved in alertness and the sleep-wake cycle

Peptide YY

A hormone produced in the small intestine that reduces hunger

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Estrogen

A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

Ostracism

exclusion from a society or group

Flow

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills

Personnel psychology

a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

Human Factors psychology

a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

X management

controls employees, enforces rules, lower level jobs

Y management

more employee involvement, higher level jobs

GRIT

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Schachter-Singer Theory

A two factor theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.

Zajonc

Sometimes emotional response takes neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to amygdala.
Some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking.

Le Doux

high road/ low road

Lazarus

Cognitive appraisal sometimes without our awareness defines emotion

Amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

reticular formation (RF)

network of neurons in the hindbrain, the midbrain, and part of the forebrain, whose primary function is to alert and arouse the higher parts of the brain

cerebral cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

Seratonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Epinephrine

adrenaline

Valence

positive or negative emotions

Carroll Izard

Identified 10 basic emotions and argued that all other emotions are a mixture of the 10 basic emotions.

Paul Ekman

1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Hans Selye

(1907-1982) Psychologist who researched a recurring response to stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome

Cortisol

stress hormone

adaptive coping

Contribute to resolution of the stress response

maladaptive coping

Unsuccessful attempts to decrease the anxiety without attempting to solve the problem - the anxiety remains

Martin Seligman

researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology

Psychodynamic

A psychological perspective that analyzes how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

preconscious mind

the part of the mind that contains all of the inactive but potentially accessible thoughts and memories

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

Karen Horney (1885-1952)

Prominent psychoanalyst. Known for important contributions: i.e. Neurosis, Feminine Psychology, Self Psychology.

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

Shared Freud's emphasis on unconscious processes. Personal Unconscious: part of unconscious mind containing an individual's thoughts & feelings. Collective Unconscious: part of the unconscious inherited & common to all members of a species. Five main Archetypes.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Humanistic psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

Positive Regard (Rogers)

the idea that we value what others think of us and that we constantly seek others' approval, love, and companionship

Trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Gordon Allport (1897-1967)

American psychologist and trait theorist who researched the idea that individual personalities are unique

Raymond Cattell

intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

Eysenck and Eysenck

2 personality dimensions; extravert/introvert & emotional stability/instability.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

halo-effect bias

Bias that occurs when an interviewer bases a positive assessment on a single characteristic and allows it to overshadow other, negative characteristics.

Big Five Personality Traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

Reciproal Determinism

Bandura's interaction of behavior, cognition and environment

Kurt Lewin

social psychology; German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; studied types of conflicts and approaches.

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects.

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

ideal self

one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)