patho final

Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)

Hypercalcemia and dehydration puts the patient at risk for this disorder.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid build-up in the alveoli that decreases oxygen exchange.

Valproic Acid

Medication given for migraines or seizures that can cause thrombocytopenia leading to bleeding issues.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Autoimmune disease that attacks connective tissue anywhere in the body.

Ileus (Bowel Obstruction)

Can cause frequent nausea/vomiting and colicky abdominal pain after abdominal surgery.

Hematuria

Antigen-antibody complex in the glomeruli causes urine to appear brown or tea-colored.

Diazepam(Ativan)

When the client is having status epilepticus and is NOT in late-term pregnancy, this medication can be given.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Long-term NSAID use, ETOH abuse, stress, or the presence of H. pylori can cause this disorder.

HIV (Acute Retroviral Syndrome)

Disease that causes fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes and muscle aches in the initial two months.

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Seizure medication that must be given slowly by IV to prevent hypotension and arrhythmias.

Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors)

Medications given to lower LDL cholesterol; should not be taken in pregnancy; taken in the evening/HS because cholesterol is produced at night; may cause rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown).

Myasthenia Gravis

autoimmune

Diplopia, ptosis, mask-like expression, dysarthria, difficulty chewing/speaking, SOB, descending weakness, and fatigue that worsens through the day are signs/symptoms of this disorder.

Risk Factors (Modifiable)

HTN, HLD, smoking and drinking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and stress are this type of risk factor for stroke.

Delirium

Occurs when disorientation and impaired attention begin suddenly (hours to days) but has an underlying cause. acute confusion

Ejection Fraction (EF)

the amount of blood being ejected from the left ventricle in one pump.

normal = 55-70%

Heart failure = less than 40

Dantrolene

The nurse will monitor for liver function, muscle weakness, drowsiness, and diarrhea when giving this medication for chronic muscle spasticity after having a stroke.

Seizure

An electrical mis-firing that can be on one side of the brain (partial/focal) or both sides of the brain (generalized).

Migraine

Some people with this disorder have an aura (sensory sensation — sight, smell, taste, etc.) that indicates it is about to happen.

Heart Failure

The inability of the heart to perfuse the body or meet the metabolic needs of the body.

cardia output will be low, ejection fraction is low and BNP is elevated

Alzheimer's Disease

Neuro disorder with three stages — Mild (forgetfulness, memory loss), Middle (needs assistance with ADLs, confusion), Third stage (completely dependent, unable to speak or communicate).

Anaphylaxis

Severe Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction that should be treated immediately with epinephrine IM; also an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity I reaction.

BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)

Disorder that may cause weak urine stream, urinary frequency and urgency, urinary incontinence, incomplete bladder emptying, post-void dribbling, difficulty starting urination, nocturia, dysuria, frequent UTIs, or hematuria.

Baclofen

Psychosis (hallucinations) or seizures may occur if a patient who has been taking this medication for muscle spasms for months suddenly stops taking it.

Parkinson's Disease

Pramipexole is given to help with the muscle effects of this disorder; it may cause sleep attacks, orthostatic hypotension, abnormal movements, nausea, drowsiness, dyskinesias, compulsive behaviors, and muscle weakness.

• bradykinesia, masked like expressions, gait shuffling

Memantine

Medication given for moderate to severe dementia but must be carefully given so the client does not chew it up.

Troponin

Blood test used to diagnose MI because it identifies the proteins released into the blood when the heart muscle is damaged by the infarct.

Hyperlipidemia (HLD)

greater than 200

HDL greater than 60

LDL less than 100

Triglycerides less than 150

Unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, excess ETOH use, genetics, HIV, beta blockers, and diuretics can cause this problem; treated with ezetimibe or gemfibrozil.

Cirrhosis

Jaundice, ascites, edema, pruritis, clay-colored stools, anemia, bleeding and easily bruising, and portal HTN are signs/symptoms of this late-stage disease.

Sumatriptan (Imitrex)

Medication that causes vasoconstriction in the large intracranial arteries to help with the dilated arteries causing pain in a migraine.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Patient has hypervolemia and arrhythmias because of a slow progressive decline of kidney function; both empagliflozin and epoetin alfa are ordered in their MAR.

Low GFR

potassium and BUN and creatine increased

Upper GI Bleed (Peptic Ulcer Disease)

Hematemesis, melena, abdominal pain, paleness, dizziness, and tachycardia are signs/symptoms of this disorder.

Carbidopa/ Levodopa

Mixed with levodopa to help get it across the blood-brain barrier to increase the client's dopamine.

DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)

Nurse expects this diagnosis for a client with unilateral, localized swelling, warmth, and redness at the site of pain in their lower leg.

CAD (Coronary Artery Disease)

HTN, HLD, smoking and drinking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and stress are modifiable risk factors for this disease; angina is pain caused when this develops.

Angina

Chest pain caused by reduced myocardial blood flow and oxygenation; can be triggered by physical exertion, extreme temperature, stress, eating a large meal, or smoking.

aPTT

Lab that must be monitored in the patient who is taking heparin.

Risk Factors (CKD)

Old age; uncontrolled DM, HTN, or autoimmune disorders; infection; nephrotoxic drugs; acute renal failure; or polycystic kidney disease are all risk factors for this condition.

GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

Client with this disorder should avoid ETOH, spicy/fried foods, overeating, carbonated beverages, or NSAIDs to reduce signs/symptoms.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

When interferon beta-1a, beta-1b is given for this disease, the nurse starts with a low dose and pre-medicates client with acetaminophen (APAP).

UTI in Elderly

Confusion, incontinence, agitation, or lethargy are specifically seen in elderly patients with this disease.

Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)

DMARD medication used to block the body's immune system's effects in autoimmune diseases like RA and lupus; may cause pigmentation (darkening) of skin and hair.

Heparin

Nursing administration includes: monitor aPTT; cannot be given PO or IM, only IV or SubQ; given SubQ — apply firm pressure for 1-2 minutes after but do NOT massage; inject at least 2 inches away from umbilicus.

Diltiazem (Cardizem)

Given for atrial fibrillation to help control heart rate by blocking calcium from getting into the muscle cells.

Warfarin

Anticoagulant given to a client who had an embolic/ischemic stroke to prevent future strokes caused by a-fib leading to clots.

Finasteride (Proscar)

Alpha reductase/androgen inhibitor that prevents conversion of testosterone to decrease prostate size gradually ; safer to take when also taking sildenafil (ED medication).

Diverticulosis

Disease where there are pockets in the colon that are not painful (patient is generally unaware), but when undigested food or stool gets stuck in the pouches, they become inflamed and painful (diverticulitis).

increased WBC, bloody stool and LLQ pain

Iron Supplement (Ferrous Sulfate)

Nurse educates the client to take this med with Vitamin C to increase absorption; if using the liquid form, take it with a straw to prevent teeth staining; stools may become dark green or black., kids stay away

Atherosclerosis

Plaque buildup in arteries caused by cholesterol build-up; primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD).

Digoxin Toxicity

Client has been taking cardiac medication that is now at toxicity level, causing nausea, vision changes, and arrhythmias. (Antidote: Digibind/Digoxin Immune Fab)

Nephron

Proximal tubule, glomerulus, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct are all parts of this structure.

Psyllium (Metamucil)

Medication that acts like cellulose (carb in fiber); does not digest or absorb, but in the GI tract swells and forms a gel, softening stools and increasing bulk.

Metoprolol (Lopressor)

Class II Beta Blocker given to control heart rate; should not be given if HR is less than 60 or SBP is less than 90.

Clopidogrel (Plavix)

inhibitor/antiplatelet that prevents platelets from aggregating by inhibiting P2Y12; often given after MI. dont give with PUD because it can cause GI ulcers

Nitroglycerin (NTG)

Prescribed for stable angina; take one SL at onset of angina; if pain not relieved after first dose, call 9-1-1; may take up to 3 pills 5 minutes apart; can also be taken prophylactically 5-10 minutes before extreme activity. need to have an EKG done in 10 minutes

dont take with erectile dysfunction meds

Epoetin Alfa (Procrit/Epogen)

Nursing administration includes monitoring BP before therapy; do not shake or mix with other meds; monitor Hgb, Hct, CBC, BUN, creatinine, serum Fe, and watch for seizures; contraindicated if Hgb is over 11.

Pernicious Anemia (Megaloblastic Anemia)

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) is given to the client with this type of anemia who is low in Vit B12 or Folic Acid for lifelong therapy because the client does not have adequate intrinsic factor to absorb adequate B12.

Alteplase (tPA)

When a client has a severe blood clot (especially in the heart or brain), this medication is given as long as patient is over 18, has no apparent bleeding, BP is lower than 185/110, and it has been within 4.5 hours since clot caused ischemia. (clot buster), do neuro check every 2 hours

Oxybutynin (Ditropan)

Inhibits acetylcholine to relieve spasms/convulsions of the bladder; helps reduce urge incontinence and BPH.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Besides causing cysts on the kidneys, this disorder causes increased BP, UTIs, hematuria, and abdominal/flank pain and/or headache.

Hydralazine

Vasodilator that relaxes vascular smooth muscle; can put the client at risk for developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE/lupus).

Hypersensitivity (Allergy)

Disorder where a sensitized person produces excessive, damaging immune responses to antigens instead of the healthy inflammatory response.

Pleural Effusion

Client with heart failure is at risk for developing this because HF can increase pressure in the blood vessels, forcing fluid out into the pleural space around the lungs.

Proton Pump (H+/K+ ATPase)

Omeprazole inhibits this part of the body to decrease acid in 2-3 days but with full effect in 5 days; makes it an option to take along with long-term NSAIDs.

A Fib

When the atria contracts rapidly and irregularly (quivering), blood can pool and clot; patient can be at risk for a clot.

Echocardiogram

Ejection fraction is measured using this test to determine how severe heart failure is.

Cardiac Arrest

The sudden unresponsiveness when the heart stops that requires CPR to be initiated.

Hypercholesterolemia (Familial)

Ezetimibe is given for this disorder because it works for familial high cholesterol which statins do not help with.

Nephrotic Syndrome

When there is structural damage to the nephron causing edema (periorbital, peripheral, ascites), frothy urine, weight gain, loss of appetite, and fatigue, this will be the diagnosis.

Contractility

Digoxin improves this in the heart since it is a positive inotrope.

Troponin

When a myocardial infarction is suspected, this lab will the nurse expect to draw while getting an ECG.

Misoprostol (Cytotec)

Medication given to reduce the risk of NSAID-induced peptic ulcers; should NEVER be given to a pregnant woman as it can cause uterine contractions and miscarriage.

Bethanechol (Urecholine)

Cholinergic used for incontinence and urinary retention; contraindicated in hypotension, low CO, hyperthyroidism, asthma/COPD, gastric ulcers, or urinary/intestinal obstruction or recent surgery.

stimulates bladder contraction

Tamsulosin (Flomax)

Alpha-adrenergic blocker that relaxes the smooth muscle of the prostate, allowing for easier urination in BPH.

Zidovudine (AZT/Retrovir)

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor for HIV; given PO 5 times a day in pregnant patients from 14 weeks gestation until labor begins; once labor begins, given IV until the cord is clamped; not given if Hgb drops by 25%.

Donepezil (Aricept)

Alzheimer's medication that prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) and increases the availability of ACh, improving nerve transmission, memory, and learning. mild to moderate dementia

P Wave

Part of the EKG wave that represents atrial depolarization. (contracting)

QRS Complex

Part of the ECG wave that represents ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization.

Diastole

What is occurring in the heart when the chamber(s) relax and fill with blood.

Pica

Iron-deficiency anemia may cause clients to crave/eat non-nutritious items like clay or ice; this is the term for this condition.

Mirabegron

Beta3-Adrenergic Agonist that relaxes the detrusor muscle to increase bladder capacity in overactive bladder; taken daily without crushing/cutting/chewing; may cause HTN, UTI, headache, or nasopharyngitis.

T Wave

Part of the EKG that represents ventricular repolarization.

Systole

What is happening in the heart when heart chambers contract and push out blood.

Sucralfate (Carafate)

Medication given 1 hour before meals and at HS (4 times a day), at least 2 hours away from any other medication to help prevent duodenal ulcers.

Somatropin (Growth Hormone)

Growth hormone that can help with cachexia (wasting disease) often seen in late-stage AIDS.

Methenamine (Hiprex)

Bacteriostatic medication that interferes with bacterial enzymes to prevent bacteria from growing, stopping a urinary tract infection without the side effects of antibiotics.

Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

Medication given during CPR or anaphylaxis; requires monitoring of continuous BP, HR, ECG, RR, and chest pain; ensure HR is less than 110; watch for HTN.

CAD (Coronary Artery Disease)

Narrowing of coronary arteries caused primarily by atherosclerosis; typically asymptomatic.

MI (Myocardial Infarction)

Risk factors include oxygen supply that cannot meet O2 needs, advanced age, family history, medical conditions (DM, HTN, HLD), and unhealthy lifestyle; troponin levels and ECG are done to verify diagnosis.

Vonoprazan

Medication given to the client with peptic ulcer disease who has confirmed H. pylori bacteria, along with an antibiotic for 14 days; blocks proton pumps faster and more directly than PPIs.

Omeprazole (Prilosec) / PPI

Proton Pump Inhibitor given for GERD or PUD; may have significant side effects like Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Clostridium Difficile diarrhea, or anaphylaxis.

Hepatitis

Types B, C, and D of this disease are transmitted through blood and bodily fluids.

Iron Supplement (Ferrous Sulfate)

When given as a medication/supplement for treating iron-deficiency anemia, the nurse will make sure the client understands to keep it out of reach of children because it can cause a fatal accidental overdose. Can make stools black and tarry, N&V

Troponin

diagnosis heart attacks by measuring the proteins that are released into the blood when there is heart muscle damage. they need to have it within 90 minutes

propanolol

beta blocker to slow down the heart rate and BP.

check the HR and BP before giving it

can cause hypoglycemia

verapamil

calcium channel blocker

ezetimibe

cholesterol medication due to the genetic component

Virchow’s triad

Hypercoagulability, venous stasis, and vessel damage put us at risk for DVT

Whose at risk for a DVT

women who smoke, postop patients, and women who take oral contraceptives

scan for strokes

CT

lab test for warfarin

inr and pt