EUKARYOTIC CELLS PT.1

Eukaryotic cell

a new kind of cell that is larger in size, has more complex structural components, and includes all higher forms of organisms, such as fungi, plants, animals, and protists (evolved 1.8 BYA)

Eu

"true"

Cell membrane

also called the plasma membrane, it is a thin barrier that forms a boundary, separating an individual cell from the external environment

Cell wall

in plants and algae, the cell wall is made up of polysaccharide cellulose, chitin for fungi, and peptidoglycan for bacteria

Cytoplasm

fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane

Cytosol

the fluid portion consisting mainly of water for maintaining cell structure

Nucleus

the storehouse of genetic information in the form of DNA, protecting it (DNA) from damage

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

a long chain of molecules, which can be segmented into portions called genes that contain instructions for making proteins

Nuclear envelope

encloses the DNA and is filled with holes called nuclear pores that allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm (has outer membrane and inner membrane)

Chromatin

tightly condenses to form chromosomes

Nucleolus

a dense region where small organelles essential for making proteins are assembled

Ribosomes

small organelles that make proteins, after these are formed in the nucleolus, they pass through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs

Endoplasmic reticulum

an interconnected network of thin and folded membranes which fills much of the large portion of the cytoplasm (composition is similar to cell membrane and nuclear membrane, shaped like a maze)

Lumen

the interior of this maze, which is the site for many processes such as the production of proteins and lipids

Rough ER

dotted with ribosomes that join amino acids together to form proteins, such proteins are either incorporated into the cell membrane or secreted to areas where the body needs them

Smooth ER

not studded with ribosomes, responsible for the production of lipids and performs other specialized functions, such as breaking down drugs or alcohol

Golgi apparatus

layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces where proteins are transported from the ER and where proteins are processed, sorted, and delivered