Unit 3 - Cellular Energy Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards created from Unit 3 lecture notes on Cellular Energy, covering enzymes, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation, and ATP.

Enzymes

Catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions.

Anabolic

Building processes or enzymes, such as photosynthesis.

Catabolic

Breaking down processes or enzymes, such as respiration.

Denature

A shape change in enzymes that leads to reduced function, occurring when conditions are outside their ideal temperature and pH ranges.

Photosynthesis

An anabolic process occurring in plant cell chloroplasts described by the equation $6(H_2O) + \text{Sunlight} + 6(CO_2) \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6(O_2)$.

Light Dependent Reactions

The stage of photosynthesis located in the thylakoid membrane that needs ADP, NADP+, and water, and produces NADPH (electron carrier), oxygen, and ATP.

Calvin Cycle

Also known as light independent reactions, this stage of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma, needs carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP, and produces glucose, ADP, and NADP+.

Stroma

The liquid part of the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle takes place.

Respiration

A catabolic process occurring in the mitochondria of both plant and animal cells described by the equation $C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6(O_2) \rightarrow 6(CO_2) + 6(H_2O) + \text{ATP}$.

Glycolysis

The stage of respiration occurring in the cytoplasm that needs glucose, 2 ATP (investment), ADP, and NAD+, and makes pyruvate (3-carbons), ATP, and NADH (electron carrier).

Krebs Cycle

The stage of respiration occurring inside the fluid of the mitochondria (matrix) that needs pyruvate, and produces CO2, NADH (electron carrier), FADH2 (electron carrier), and ATP.

Matrix

The fluid inside the mitochondria where the Krebs Cycle takes place.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The stage of respiration occurring in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that needs ADP, NADH, FADH2, and oxygen, and makes ATP and water.

Fermentation

Respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic).

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Anaerobic respiration occurring in animals that produces carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and 2 ATP.

Alcohol Fermentation

Anaerobic respiration occurring in yeast and bacteria that produces carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol, and 2 ATP.

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate, composed of adenine, sugar, and three phosphates, which stores energy in the last two phosphates.