exam 2 review

Feedforward information represents...

Expected sensory feedback

Proprioceptive sensory information provides information about the state of the body to the processing system.

True

Human factors engineers exploit alterations in proprioception when designing equipment.

True

Which visual system is used to identify an object in the center of the visual field, is conscious, and is affected by lighting?

ventral vision

Using a car’s cruise control as an example of a closed-loop system, the actual speed of the car would be compared to the...

Desired speed

Studies of tracking suggest that the closed-loop control system can produce corrections at a maximum rate of about __________ per second.

three

The change in the information provided by the optical array is called optical flow.

True

Information about the state of the environment in which one’s body moves is called...

Exteroception

Saccadic eye movements are characterized by...

brief fixations and and rapid shifts to a different location

Movement-produced stimuli are compared against anticipated states in the comparator.

True

When experimenters used startle trials to examine RT, participants had a shortened RT on startle trials, but the motor program was altered.

False

Deafferentation studies in animals provide strong evidence for motor programs because the animals were able to:

Perform relatively effective movements despite the total loss of sensory feedback

Characteristics of an open-loop control system include all the following EXCEPT:

Continuous use of sensory feedback to make adjustments during the movement

In a learned movement pattern, relative timing is typically invariant.

True

Human factors engineers exploit alterations in proprioception when designing equipment.

True

The characteristics of the movement to be performed can influence reaction time (RT) because they affect the complexity and duration of the movement programming stage.

True

An open-loop motor program must specify all of the following parameters EXCEPT:

identifying the largest motor unit used during a movement

When experimenters used startle stimuli during reaction time tasks, what effect was observed on the participant's motor program?

the reaction time was significantly shortened, but the motor program structured remained intact

In a learned movement pattern governed by a Generalized Motor Program (GMP), which feature is considered invariant?

relative timing of an overall movement

How do open-loop motor programs and closed-loop sensory feedback work together during real-world, targeted movements?

an initial open-loop impulse brings the limb near the target, followed by closed-loop feedback for the final accuracy corrections

For two video game controllers with buttons in identical locations, the one with the bigger buttons would produce longer movement times.

false

Fitts’ Law tells us all the following EXCEPT...

MT decreases as movement amplitude increases

Decreases in accuracy when movement times are very short are simply due to less time for feedback utilization.

false

The estimation error when attempting to run water from a tap for 8s should be about _________ the error when attempting 4s.

twice

Fitts’ Law holds for tapping both underwater and in outer space.

true

Shortening the movement time of the bat swing in baseball should allow for more accurate anticipation of where and when the ball will arrive.

true

____________ is accuracy expressed as the amount of spread or inconsistency of the movement end points about the target area.

effective target width

When the timing of the performance of a rapid movement is important, ____________ is the type of accuracy required.

temporal accuracy

An inverted relationship exists between __________ and force requirements.

spatial accuracy

The presence of noisy processes in the system means that the forces actually produced in a contraction are not exactly what the motor program intended.

true

1. Information about the state of the environment in which one’s body moves is called.

Exteroception

2. Feedforward information represents…

expected sensory feedback

3. Which of the following is NOT a limitation associated with the closed-loop control system?

maintains a desired goal

4. Using a car’s cruise control as an example of a closed-loop system, the actual speed of the car would be compared to the…

desired speed

5. The tendency for visual information to supersede information coming from the other senses during perception is termed…

visual dominance

6. Characteristics of an open-loop control system include all the following EXCEPT…

feedback to provide information that arises from various sensory systems

7. Which of the following is NOT necessary for an open-loop controlled motor program to run?

identification of the largest motor unit producing the action

8. The __________ theory addresses the storage problem by asserting that a single basic program can produce an infinite number of movements, so only one program needs to be stored.

general motor program

9. When experimenters used startle trials to examine RT, participants had a shortened RT on startle trials, but the motor program was altered.

false

10. A(n) __________ is the predetermined set of movement commands that defines the essential details of a movement.

motor program

11. Fitts’ Law states that movement time is linearly related to the __________.

index of difficulty

12. Shortening the movement time of the bat swing in baseball should allow for more accurate anticipation of where and when the ball will arrive.

true

13. Fitts’ Law tells us all the following EXCEPT…

MT decreases as movement amplitude increases

14. Effective target width is a measure of…

accuracy

15. Fitts’ Law describes the tendency for performers to trade speed for accuracy..

true

Exteroception

sensory information coming from primarily outside the body

proprioception

sensory information coming from within the body, resulting in a sense of position or movement

sources of sensory information

vestibular apparatus

joint receptors

muscle spindles

golgi tendon organs

cutaneous receptors

vestibular apparatus

receptors in the inner ear that are sensitive to the orientation of the head with respect to gravity, the rotation of the head, and balance

joint receptors

sensory receptors located in the joint capsule that provide information about joint position

muscle spindles

structures located in parallel with muscle fibers that provide information about muscle length

golgi tendon organs

small stretch receptors located in the tendons that provide precise information about muscle tension

cutaneous receptor

a receptor located in the skin that provides internal information about touch

closed-loop control has 4 parts

executive

effector

referent

error signal

executive (closed-loop system)

for making decisions about errors

effector (closed-loop system)

for carrying out the decisions

referent (closed-loop system)

compares the actual state to the expected state to detect errors

error signal (closed-loop system)

the information fed back to the executive

feedforward

looks forward to anticipate and prevent issues before they happen

feedback

looks backward at past performance to correct errors

vision

operates differently from our proprioceptive reflexes and our other exteroceptive senses

ventral stream

information useful for the identification of an object that is sent to the inferotemporal cortex

dorsal stream

visual information, used specifically for the control of movement within the visual environment, that is sent from the eye to the posterior parietal cortex

optical array

the collection of rays of light that are reflected from objects in the visual environment

optical flow

change in patterns of light rays from the environment as they “flow” over the retina during continuous movement

Keele & Posner (1968)

measures time to process visual feedback

ventral stream (in closed loop)

conscious, controlled, and flexible, feedback would have to go back through information processing

dorsal stream (in close loop)

unconscious and fast, feedback can be feedback to low-levels of the central nervous system

audition

can impact motor control (although, not as much as vision)

sonification

transformation movement data into auditory feedback

reaction time (RT) increases when…

additional elements are added to action

more limbs must be coordinated

duration of the movement becomes longer

generalized motor program (GMP)

consists of a representation that’s stored in memory and retrieved and adjusted at the time of movement execution, allowing the action to meet current needs

Fitts’ law

the principle that movement time in aiming tasks is linearly related to Log2(2A/W).

Fitts’ law equation

MT = Log2(2A/W)

MT will increase if

amplitude increases (distance between 2 points)

decreases width (size of the points)

Schmidt’s law

The principle that effective target width, We, in rapid aiming tasks is limited to movement velocity (A/MT).

spatial accuracy

the ability to perform a movement accurately in relation to specific location or target

timing accuracy

the ability to perform a movement at the correct moment in time

temporal accuracy

the ability to perform a movement with the correction duration or time interval