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What are reflexive verbs?
Verbs used when the subject performs an action on itself, requiring a matching reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nos, os). Indicate that the subject and object are the same person.
Examples:
Yo me lavo → I wash myself
Ella se despierta a las 7 am → She wakes up at 7 am
Nosotros nos bañamos con agua fría → We shower with cold water
What are the two structures that indicate where you should place reflexive pronouns?
1. Immediately before a conjugated verb
Examples:
Me despierto a las seis.
No nos acostamos tarde.
2. In structures with an infinitive (e.g., tener que + infinitive; ir a + infinitive) or present progressive (estar + present participle), the pronoun can be placed either before the conjugated verb (a) or attached to the infinitive or present participle (b)
a: Me tengo que levantar temprano.
b: Tengo que levantarme temprano.
a: Marina se está divirtiendo.
b: Marina está divirtiéndose. (note: must add accent w/ estar)
What are reciprocal verbs?
When two or more subjects perform an action on each other; the action is mutual (nos, os, se)
Examples:
Nos ayudamos → We help each other
Se abrazaron → They hugged each other
What is the present progressive?
Action that is currently happening
Estar conjugated + verb w/ ando/iendo
-AR: ando
-IR/ER: iendo
Examples:
Estoy caminando
Estás comiendo.
Irregular verbs:
Dormir = Durmiendo
Pedir = Pidiendo
Leer = Leyendo
Traer = Trayendo
What are the 12 interrogative words?
¿Qué? = What?
¿Cómo? = How?
¿Cuándo? = When?
¿Por qué? = Why?
¿Quién/Quiénes? = Who?
¿De quién/quiénes? = Whose?
¿Cuál/Cuáles? = Which (one/ones)?
¿Cuánto/Cuánta? = How much?
¿Cuántos/Cuántas? = How many?
¿Dónde? = Where?
¿Adónde? = To where?
¿De dónde? = From where?
What is the preterite tense?
Verbs that indicate the past tense
-AR verbs: -é/-aste/-ó/amos/asteis/aron for -AR verbs
-ER/-IR verbs: -í/-iste/-ió/imos/isteis/ieron for -ER/-IR verbs
Irregulars:
Ser/Ir (same): fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
Estar: estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron
Dar: di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron
Ver: vi, viste, vio, vimos, visteis, vieron
Hacer: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron
-gar (g→ gu), -car (c→ qu), -zar (z → c) verbs change in only the yo form:
Jugué, llegué
Toqué, busqué
Abracé, almorcé
Leer and oír have changes in only the third person forms (él/ella/Usted) (ellos/ellas/Ustedes)
Leer → leyó and leyeron
Oír → oyó and oyeron
Ser vs. Estar
Ser (permanent) | Estar (temporary) |
Descriptions (names, physical traits) | Positions |
Occupations | Locations |
Characteristics (personality) | Actions |
Time/Date | Conditions (physical state, weather) |
Origins | Emotions (mood) |
Relationships |
Saber vs. Conocer
Saber: Knowing facts, information, or skills
Conocer: Being familiar with people, places, or things