Unit 2 Part 1: Industralizarion

Why were people moving west during the 19th century?

they wanted greater freedom, cheap or free land, gold and silver, and new opportunities to make money

Gave away 80 million acres of the Great Plains in the late 1800s. Many of the Homesteaders struggled to make a profit as farmers on the Plains. Promised people good farming land that is cheap.

What Act is this?

Homestead Act

Gold and silver discoveries brought many people to the West. Boomtowns grew quickly, but many became ghost towns when the mines dried up.

What term is this?

Gold, Silver, & Boomtowns (ciudades de auge repentino)

A railroad that enabled easier access to mineral resources and connected the West with the rest of the country enabling a truly national economy to develop.The railroads helped move crops and goods to the East, made migration to the West easier, and helped new towns grow.

Which railroad is this?

Transcontinental railroad

Powerful railroad owners who became very wealthy. They charged farmers high shipping prices. This led to the problem of an income divide in the country.

What term is this?

Robber Barons (wealthy 19th-century American businessmen who used unethical tactics to build massive monopolies)

How Native Americans will respond to being pushed out of their land?

They would resist and fight to protect their land, homes, and way of life.

Before 1492, over 1,000 tribes lived in the United States (different languages and religions)

Most Southeastern tribes were forced from their homes by the U.S. government in the Trail of Tears

Forced past the Appalachian Mountains into Oklahoma territory

But, there were more tribes in the interior of the U.S. (Plains Indians)

This will lead to more conflict. Who Was Already There?

The Native Americans

Forced removal of Native Americans from their lands to areas farther west, causing many deaths.

Trail of Tears.

To separate Native Americans from white settlements and move them west. This was the reason for…

Reason for the Trail of Tears

What happened on the Trail of Tears?

Many Cherokee people suffered from cold, poor treatment, and lack of shelter, and many died from illness.

Why Move West?

Term used in 1845. U.S. is destined to move westward and spread democracy across the whole North American continent. What is this reason?

Manifest Destiny

Why Move West?

Gold, silver, copper led to a mining boom. People moved west to find gold and get rich. Example: California Gold Rush in 1849. Realistically, very few people made money. What is this reason?

Found Precious Metals

Why Move West?

Started in 1863. Completed in 1869

1) Allowed for easier movement of people (move people out west faster)

2) Farm goods (move food around the USA)

What is this reason?

Transcontinental Railroad

Why Move West?

Homestead Act of 1862: 160 acres of land, settlers must improve the land for 5 years, 1 acre of land = $1.65

Land used for: farming, cattle (ganado) and the cowboys emerged

What is this reason?

Cheap land

According to this advertisement. What conflicts could happen when people go to farm this land?

One conflict could be that settlers (colonos) moving onto the land would come into conflict with Native Americans who already lived there and considered it their homeland.

Native American tribes who lived on the Great Plains, such as the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Comanche. All tribes will come into conflict with settlers because of the Homestead Act.

Sioux are the most famous, they were nomadic, hunted buffalo and used horses. Who lived on the Great Plains?

The Plains Indians

Government wants Native Americans removed so the land can be used. What is this?

Plains Indian Removal

Natives relied on the…

What happened to the buffalo and why?

Natives relied on the buffalo to survive.

U.S. government created a program to kill buffalo

Why? Make room for settlers and force Native Americans to leave their land.

The "Indian Wars" 1864-1890

Fighting between the Plains Indians and federal US troops

Horrible bloodshed

Buffalo Soldiers (African American troops to fight the Native Americans) What kind of removal is this?

Plains Indian Removal

1868: What happened to the Sioux tribes?

Sioux leaders withdraw (retiran) to their sacred land of the Black Hills.The US government abandons its forts there.

1871–74: What happened to the buffalo and tribes?

Buffalo are slaughtered (masacrados) Starvation in tribes.

1875: What was discovered in the Black Hills? What did it bring?

Gold was discovered, bringing settlers into the area.

1876: What did the Sioux refuse to do?

They refused to leave the Black Hills and move to reservations.

1876: Who fought against the U.S. Army?

Sitting Bull (Lakota and spiritual leader), Crazy Horse (Lakota war leader who fought against the U.S. Army) and other Sioux fought back.

1876: What happened at Little Bighorn?

Sioux forces (Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse) defeated General Custer and his troops. This is the most famous battle in the “Indian Wars”.

1877: What happened to Crazy Horse and the Sioux?

Crazy Horse was killed; many Sioux were forced onto reservations.

1881: What happened to Sitting Bull?

Sitting Bull surrendered (se rindio) to the U.S. Army.

A traveling show that recreated and dramatized life in the American West and the defeat of the Indians. What show is this?

Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show

Start in 1890 and on Sioux reservation. Hope the Great Spirit will return control of the Great Plains to them. A spiritual movement hoping Native Americans would regain their lands. what is this?

Ghost Dance

Sitting Bull is killed in a fight. US Army massacres 200 men, women, and children at Wounded Knee (seen as the end of massive Native American resistance)

1890: What happened at Wounded Knee?

Plains Indian Removal

Allowed US government to break up tribal lands. Gave land to white farmers. Divided tribal land to encourage Native Americans to adopt American farming and ways of life.What act is this?

Dawes Act 1887

Plains Indian Removal

Native American tribes forced onto government reservations. The reservations were land that they could not leave and were often on infertile land. What system is this?

The Reservation System

Plains Indian Removal

Children forced into these schools to become "Americanized". Assimilated into mainstream (convencional) American culture.

The motto was: "Kill the Indian to save the man."

Many children died because of harmful conditions. What schools are these?

Reservation School/ Assimilation Schools

What did “Kill the Indian, save the man” mean?

Removing Native American culture and identity.

What did U.S. officials and educators think about Native Americans and education?

They believed Native Americans should be “Americanized” by learning English, American culture, religion, and work skills.

What did Native Americans think about assimilation schools?

They saw them as harmful because they were forced to give up their language, culture, identity, and traditions.

True or Fase

Farmers and ranchers wanted to use the same Great Plains land in different ways:

True

Ranchers’ cattle destroyed farmers’ crops, while farmers’ fences blocked cattle from grazing and reaching water. Disputes over land, fences, and the cattle turned into a violent conflict called…

Range Wars (were part of the larger changes as the West moved from open range to closed range)

Live in rural areas (less populated areas). The Midwest and the South

Need trains to get crops to cities. Who are these people?

Farmers

Single company owns the entire market for a good or service

Monopoly

A few companies control the railroads. They charge farmers a lot of money to use the railroads.

The farmers have no choice but to pay the cost. If they don't pay, their crop goes bad. What is this problem of farmers?

Railroads Monopolies

Tariff = tax on all foreign-made goods (import tax)

High prices for farmers to pay, big profit for business.

High interest rates = difficult to pay back loans. What is this problem of farmers?

High Tariffs and High Interest Rates

All US money is backed by gold. Very little money to go around (There was not enough money available for everyone)

Panic of 1873 (people lose money and farmers are hard hit)

Keeps the price of the dollar high, but hurts farmers. What is this problem of farmers?

The Gold Standard

Laws are being made that hurt farmers

Nobody is helping the farmers. What is this problem of farmers?

Gilded Age Politics

What is this image saying about this time period?

The cartoon is saying that farmers were trying to warn people about the dangers of powerful railroads and their high costs. The “sleeping” people represent people who were not paying attention to the problems farmers faced.

Who Tries to Help Farmers?

Goal: local organizations that help farmers

How?: created state laws to regulate railroads

Good start, but the laws are different in all states.

The Grange

Who Tries to Help Farmers?

Goal: Promote farmers' interests

How?: Put politicians in power to make laws to help farmers

Success because there were four governments, 44 congressmen, and several senators that were part of this alliance.

Farmer's Alliance

Government regulation of the railroads. Help keep prices low. What act is this?

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

A law that stopped many Chinese immigrants from entering the U.S. What act is this?

Chinese exclusion act

Who Tries to Help Farmers?

The most important one. Aka the People's Party (represents poor farmers)

Goals: unite workers with farmers to reform the government.

HOW: Interstate Commerce Act 1887 (Government regulation of the railroad and Help keep prices low)

Populist Party proposals: income tax (gradual income - the more money you make, the more taxes you pay), shorter workdays, restrict immigration, Chinese exclusion act

POPULIST PARTY

Using both gold and silver to back the U.S. money. Gold + Silver means more money available.

Supporters believed this could help farmers pay debts and get loans more easily. What term is this?

Bimetallism

Who Tries to Help Farmers?

Bimetallism (use gold and silver to back the U.S. money. Reduces the value of money BUT increases the supply of money. Good for farmers BUT would hurt the banks)

The Populist Party

Democrats nominate this person. But the Populist Party supported him.

Pro Bimetallism. Cross of Gold Speech

Wanted to get rid of the Gold Standard. Who is this?

William Jennings Bryan. 1896 Election

Republicans nominate this person. Pro-big business, not small farmers

Wanted to keep the gold standard

Nobody is helping the farmers. Who is this? and What's the problem?

William McKinley. Gilded Age Politics. 1896 Election

William McKinley wins.

Populists can not beat the Industrial Power of the North

Populist Party declines BUT the Progressive Party (Populist Legacy) is born. What elections are these?

1896 Election

Populism is the wave of the future. Ideas catch on in the 20th century—The Progressive Party

Government control of monopolies

Abandoned the Gold Standard

Create the Income Tax. What legacy is this?

Populist Party Legacy

The rapid increase in city population. More people move to cities, causing the city to grow and develop

Urbanization

Overcrowding, high crime rate and poor sanitation

In the 1900s what was a direct cause of the problems listed above?

Rapid urbanization

A new way to make steel quickly and cheaply. Steel became the backbone of modern industry because is was used to build railroads, skyscrapers, bridges, and machinery. What process is this?

The Bessemer Process

Which 2 new fuels became important during the Second Industrial Revolution?

Oil and electricity

Why was electricity such an important new source of power for factories and cities?

Electricity powered machines, lit up cities, and allowed factories to work for longer hours.

Made communication much faster over long distances. People and businesses could send messages and talk to others more easily. What 2 communication technologies are these?

Telegraph and telephone

The phonograph (a device to record and play sound), The electric light bulb, Electrical power stations. Whose inventions are these?

Thomas Edison

Who focused on AC electricity, which could travel long distances more efficiently?

Nikola Tesla

How did new technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution change Americans’ daily lives?

Made communication, transportation, and work faster and easier. Electricity also brought light to cities and homes and allowed factories to work longer hours.

Monopoly or group of companies controlled together. What term is this?

Trust

1) Where does this cartoon take place?

2) Who were the Bosses of the Senate referred to in the title?

3) What is the difference between People’s and Monopolists’ Entrance? Why?

4) The monopolists were Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?

1) The cartoon takes place in the U.S. Senate

2) Large monopolies and trusts that had power over the senators.

3) People’s Entrance is blocked and Monopolists’ Entrance is open. This shows that monopolies had more access and influence in government than ordinary people.

4) Robber Barons

A business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way.

Created Jobs. Increased production. Provided cheap products. Gave money back to the community. Helped build the nation. What kind of person is this?

Captain of Industry

Exploited workers. Corrupted the government.

Greedy, offered bribes (sobornos) for political favors, above the law. What kind of person is this?

Robber Barons

Both were Powerful business leaders. Both Made large amounts of money. Both Helped grow American industries.

Similarities between Robber Barons and Captains of Industry

Gaspel of wealth was Andrew Carnegie - use money for philanthropy

What kind of rich man is this?

Captain of Industry

Many workers lived in poverty while Industrial Owners lived lavishly (con gran abundancia). Harshly put down workers strikes (huelgas de trabajadores)

What kind of rich man is this?

Robber Baron

This rapid growth led to economic differences between workers and business owners. Late 1800s-early 1900s. Everything was covered in gold, but on the inside it was rotten (podrido). Name of this period of time?

Gilded Age

1) Shown as Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?

2) What is this cartoon saying?

1) Robber Baron

2) The cartoon criticizes rich business owners for becoming wealthy by exploiting workers.

1) Who is this person?

2) What is this cartoon saying?

3) Shown as Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?

1) Andrew Carnegie.

2) He is giving money to the community

3) Captain of Industry, because he donated his wealth to help the public.

Farming and agriculture. Economy is based on farming. More rural. What term is this?

Agrarian

Machines and mass production. Economy is based on manufacturing. Leads to urbanization (growth of cities). What term is this?

Industrial

When the USA went from an agricultural society to an industrial society

Second Industrial Revolution

Natural resources (coal, iron, timber)

Growth of industry (Trains, Steel, Oil, Telegraph, Electricity) What led to the change during the…

Industrial Revolution

What Led to the Change During the Industrial Revolution?

A country's trade and industry are controlled by a private owner. Goal= make money.

What kind of economic and social system is this?

Capitalism

What Led to the Change During the Industrial Revolution?

Government does not get involved in business. HANDS OFF.

What kind of economic and social system is this?

Laissez Faire and Free Enterprise

What Led to the Change During the Industrial Revolution?

The prices of goods are decided by how much people will pay for them. Supply and demand.

What kind of economic and social system is this?

Free market

What Led to the Change During the Industrial Revolution?

The strong survive and the weak do not. Same idea for business

What kind of economic and social system is this?

Social Darwinism

Industries that Grew During The Industrial Revolution

Good Things: Travel becomes easier, cheaper and more comfortable. Shipping goods faster

Bad Things: Railroad Monopolies could charge whatever they wanted to ship goods. Ex: Cornelius Vanderbilt had a railroad monopoly and made a lot of money

No government regulation of railroads

Transcontinental Railroad connects the USA

Henry Flagler (Florida East Coast Railway). Helped make the Florida Land Boom.

Henry Plant (West Florida & interior Florida,Tampa)

Florida Railroads (The Two Henrys)

Industries That Grew During the Industrial Revolution

…Becomes a big business that supports other industries

J.P. Morgan had a…monopoly

Banking

Industries That Grew During the Industrial Revolution

The Issue with this alloy is that it was brittle (frágil) and hard to use

But then the BESSEMER PROCESS was created. Cities started to use this alloy in EVERYTHING

Andrew Carnegie had a monopoly on this alloy.

Steel (acero)

Industries That Grew During the Industrial Revolution

With the invention of the internal combustion machine this fuel becomes important

John D. Rockefeller had a monopoly on this fuel fields

Owned 90% of this fuel fields in the USA

Oil. Standard oil

Industries That Grew During the Industrial Revolution

Telegraph: the inventor was Sam Mores. Messages travel long distances quickly. Use Morse Code

Telephone: the inventor was Alexander Graham Bell. Talk to people far away.

Communication

Exclusive control over an item or industry. When one person controls an industry (oil, steel, etc.)

What big issue is this?

Monopoly/Trust

A company controls all the different steps of making and selling a product.
Example: A steel company controls the iron mines, steel factory and transportation.

What kind of integration is this?

Vertical integration

A company controls/ buys other companies that make the same product.
Example: A steel company buys other steel companies.

What kind of integration is this?

Horizontal Integration

What were the work-related problems that Big Business was causing in urban cities and for the workers?

Long hours of work, low wages, dangerous working conditions, child labor, and unemployment (no sick days or unemployment insurance). Workers also lived in overcrowded and unsanitary cities with little opportunity to improve their lives.

Immigrants and Americans from rural communities flooded into these urban areas to compete for industrial jobs and better economic opportunities. What is this reason?

The reason why immigrants and people from southern rural areas moved to northern cities.

Children as young as six worked 10–14 hours a day in dangerous Northern urban factories. They often did not attend school and had little sunlight or fresh air. What kind of conditions are these?

The conditions for child labor at factories

What does this cartoon represent?

The power of big business during the Second Industrial Revolution

Labor unions that represented workers. They want better wages, shorter workdays, and safer working conditions.

They helped workers unite to demand better treatment from employers. Who are these unions?

Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

Big Business caused low wages, long hours, unsafe working conditions, and child labor. Increased the gap between the rich and the poor.

What group tried to fix the problem of big business?

The Progressives by passing a series of legislation aimed (mejorar) at improving the lives of Americans.

What act ended child labor in the 1930's?

Keating-Owen Act