reproductive diseases

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Endocrine disorder causing irregular menstruation hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries associated with insulin resistance

Endometriosis

Presence of endometrial tissue outside uterus causing pelvic pain dysmenorrhea and infertility

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Infection of female reproductive organs causing lower abdominal pain fever and vaginal discharge often due to STIs

Ectopic pregnancy

Implantation of fertilized ovum outside uterus causing abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding medical emergency

Cervical cancer

Malignant tumor often caused by high-risk HPV infection presenting with abnormal vaginal bleeding and discharge

Ovarian cysts

Fluid-filled sacs on ovaries causing pelvic pain and menstrual irregularities often functional and benign

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Nonmalignant enlargement of prostate causing urinary frequency hesitancy and weak stream in older men

Prostate cancer

Malignant tumor of prostate often asymptomatic early detected by elevated PSA or urinary symptoms

Testicular cancer

Painless testicular mass often in young men with good prognosis when detected early

Erectile dysfunction

Inability to achieve or maintain erection affecting quality of life with various vascular neurogenic or psychogenic causes

Endometrial cancer

Malignant tumor of uterine lining causing abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women

Vulvovaginitis

Inflammation of vulva and vagina causing itching discharge and irritation often due to infection or allergens

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas)

Benign smooth muscle tumors causing menorrhagia pelvic pressure and infertility

Hydatidiform mole

Abnormal trophoblastic proliferation causing vaginal bleeding and enlarged uterus with risk of malignancy

Placenta previa

Placental implantation over cervical os causing painless vaginal bleeding in pregnancy

Pre-eclampsia

Pregnancy-induced hypertension with proteinuria and edema risk of eclampsia and fetal growth restriction

Eclampsia

Seizures in pre-eclampsia posing risk to mother and fetus requiring urgent delivery

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Glucose intolerance during pregnancy increasing risk of macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia

Ovarian torsion

Twisting of ovarian pedicle causing acute pelvic pain and ischemia surgical emergency

Premature ovarian failure

Loss of ovarian function before age 40 causing amenorrhea and infertility

Bartholin gland cyst

Fluid-filled swelling of Bartholin gland causing pain and possible infection

Mastitis

Infection of breast tissue causing pain redness fever commonly during breastfeeding

Testicular torsion

Twisting of spermatic cord causing sudden scrotal pain and swelling surgical emergency

Varicocele

Dilated pampiniform plexus causing scrotal swelling and infertility

Gynecomastia

Benign enlargement of male breast tissue due to hormonal imbalance or drugs

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Infections transmitted via sexual contact causing various genital symptoms and systemic complications

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Viral infection causing genital warts and cervical cancer risk

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection

Viral STI causing painful genital ulcers and recurrent outbreaks

Chlamydia trachomatis infection

Common bacterial STI causing urethritis cervicitis and PID

Gonorrhea

Bacterial STI causing purulent urethral discharge and PID

Syphilis

Multistage bacterial infection causing chancres rash and systemic disease

Trichomoniasis

Parasitic STI causing frothy vaginal discharge and itching

Bacterial vaginosis

Disruption of normal vaginal flora causing malodorous discharge and discomfort

Pelvic organ prolapse

Descent of pelvic organs causing pelvic pressure urinary symptoms and sexual dysfunction

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Cyclic physical and emotional symptoms before menstruation affecting daily life

Menopause

Cessation of menstruation leading to vasomotor symptoms osteoporosis and increased cardiovascular risk

Testosterone deficiency

Low testosterone causing decreased libido fatigue and muscle weakness

Infertility

Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse caused by male or female factors

Hydrosalpinx

Fluid-filled fallopian tube causing infertility and pelvic pain

Endometrial hyperplasia

Thickening of endometrium causing abnormal uterine bleeding and risk of progression to cancer

Prostatitis

Inflammation of prostate causing pelvic pain dysuria and urinary frequency