Sociology Test 2

Audit Study

Research experiment in which researchers match participants on key characteristics

Heteronormativity

Heterosexuality as the preferred sexual identity

Splitting

maintain division between identities of teacher and gay

Knitting (when protected)

integrated sexual and professional selves, could be authentic self

Quitting

when other two are unrealistic so pursue another career

Pride, prejudice, and professionalism

when teachers were being told to suppress feelings of being gay and not show it

Construction of sexuality

how we experience sexuality depends on time and place in history

Ideology as True Womanhood

described as labor of love, women are caregivers

Ideology of separate spheres

the separation of home and work, home isn’t considered work, work is where you get paid

Cognitive Sociology

becoming social involves not only how to act, but how to perceive and think and can be impacted by thought communities

optical norms

how we see and think is not generic to humans, varies based on one’s social and cultural location, this filters out what is relevant and what is not.

Cognitive Default

taken for granted, what we perceive as normative

Muller-Lyer Illusion

demonstrates cognitive socialization

Unmarked - cognitive defaults (expectations)

nurse, Boss, NBA

Marked cognitive defaults

Identified as counter to default assumption, Male nurse, WNBA, Girl boss

Weber on social class

looked at people who rank close in power, property, and prestige. Mainly looked at their occupation but not just quantitative aspects but also qualitative

Power

ability to carry out your will, even over other resistance

Property (wealth)

material possessions

Prestige (status)

respect or regard

Status Group

Collection of people who share similar characteristics that a community has given a certain level of prestige (Surgeons, Judges, engineers)

Status Consistent

similar ranking of power, property, prestige

Status inconsistent

Rankings in each category vary ( have high prestige, but low power and property)

Economic Capital

Income, propety, wealth

Social capital

social networks of connections

culture capital (knowledge, skills)

noneconomic resources that are useful in a particular sphere of social life

Embodied Cultural Capital

Manner, style, ways of acting. Seem like muscle memory.

Institutional Cultural Capital

Institutional recognition, often in form of a credential

Objectified Cultural Capital

material objects

Gengler- Healthcare

She explained that access to quality care in unequal and often based on class

Cultural Health Capital (CHC)

Bundle of knowledge and skills that can help people effectively interact with healthcare providers and the system. (Having knowledge of healthcare because a family member is a doctor).

Care Captaining (CHC)

parents with significant CHC took active role in directing their child’s treatment and got access to more resources quickly because of this.

Care Entrusting (CHC)

Parents low in CHC defer to medical professionals and assuming doc would make best decision. This slows access to resources because parents don’t know what to ask or look for.

Micro - advantages

care captaining led to smooth interactions with medical professionals and reduce suffering and discomfort in child. Got subtle, frequent benefits experienced by advantaged groups

Micro- aggression

care entrusting led to subtle, frequent indignities experienced by marginalized groups.

Code switching

Practice of shifting between different languages or communication styles

Meritocracy

Social system where economic good, social status, and power are distributed based on effort and talent not background or class.

Androgyny

Challenging social norms, the blending of masculine and feminine characteristics and roles.

Conspicuous Consumption

practice of buying and using luxury goods just for display and not for practical need.

Working poor

people who spend at least 27 weeks a year working or looking for work and still have incomes that fall below the official poverty line.

Glass ceiling

the invisible structural barrier that prevents qualified women and minority groups from advancing to senior leaderships roles.

Subculture

A smaller group of people within a larger dominant culture who share distinct values and beliefs while still coexisting with the larger group.

Feminism

Believes in full social and economic equality for all genders

Income

what you earn over a period of time

Wealth

what you own minus what you owe

Stratification

a system that puts categories of people into a hierarchy

Social mobility

movement from an ascribed social class position to a new achieved social class position

American Dream

That success is determined by merit or hard work but not always true

Absolute Poverty

poverty measure that considers the basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, and clothing

Relative Poverty

Poverty measure that takes into account the relative economic status of people living in a society.

Private Opulence and Public Squar

As people accumulate more money, they become less dependent on public goods/services, in turn, less interested in supporting them

The Rich

they are made to pay for public goods they don’t use

The poor

the public goods they need have deteriorated in quality

Bandwidth Tax

Tool taken on mental capacity, decision-making abilities of those affected by economic scarcity