Cellular Respiration and Fermentation wingstop

Definition of energy in living processes

The capacity to do work and required for all living processes.

calorie vs. Calorie

A calorie raises 1g of water by 1°C; a Calorie equals 1,000 calories (1 kcal).

Nucleic acid energy content

0 calories per gram, with nucleotides as subunits.

Protein energy content

4 calories per gram, with amino acids as subunits.

Carbohydrate energy content

4 calories per gram, with monosaccharides as subunits.

Fat energy content

9 calories per gram, with glycerol and fatty acids as subunits.

Calories in a 250-Calorie donut

250,000 calories.

Is all glucose converted to ATP?

False; extra glucose is stored as glycogen or triglycerides.

Glycogen storage location and type

Short-term storage located in muscle and liver cells.

Triglycerides storage location and type

Long-term storage located in fat cells.

First energy source used when hungry

Glycogen.

General equation for aerobic respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.

Aerobic respiration definition

A series of reactions converting stored energy into ATP using oxygen.

Stage 1 of aerobic respiration (Glycolysis)

Located in cytoplasm; yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Stage 2 of aerobic respiration (Pyruvate Processing)

Located in mitochondrial matrix; yields 0 ATP and 2 NADH.

Stage 3 of aerobic respiration (Citric Acid Cycle)

Located in mitochondrial matrix; yields 1 ATP per turn.

Stage 4 of aerobic respiration (Electron Transport Chain)

Located in inner mitochondrial membrane; yields ~25-28 ATP.

Energy destination if electron transport chain is disrupted

Heat.

Brown fat function and benefit

Specialized mitochondria that convert energy into heat to keep infants warm.

Anaerobic respiration definition

Respiration using an electron acceptor other than molecular oxygen.

Fermentation overview

An anaerobic process producing 2 ATP and regenerating NAD+.

Yeast glucose consumption in anaerobic conditions

Rate of consumption must increase to maintain ATP production.

Why humans cannot survive strictly on fermentation

It produces too little ATP.

Glycolysis ATP yield

2 net ATP.

Pyruvate Processing ATP yield

0 ATP.

Citric Acid Cycle ATP yield

1 ATP per turn.

Process producing the most ATP

Electron transport chain.

Blood transports _______ from food and ______ from the lungs

Blood transports NUTRIENTS from food and OXYGEN from the lungs.

Cell releases ______ from glucose and captures it in ____

A cell releases ENERGY from glucose and captures it in ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

NADH yield in glycolysis

2 NADH

NADH yield in pyruvate processing

2 NADH

NADH and FADH2 yield in the citric acid cycle

6 NADH and 2 FADH2

Alcohol fermentation products

2 ATP, 2 CO2, and 2 alcohol/ethanol

Cellular location for lactic acid fermentation

Animal cells

Blood transport of excess metabolic waste

Carbon dioxide to the lungs and waste to the kidneys

Final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

Oxygen.

Byproducts of cellular respiration

Carbon dioxide and water.

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix.

Role of coenzymes NADH and FADH2

To transport high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.