Birds feet and beaks and feather tracts and skeleton and internal organs

Rhamphotheca

keratinous sheath that covers the bones of the upper and lower jaws

Conical beak

Seed crusher

Thin and pointed beak

Insect picker

Hooked beak

Meat eater

Long and thin beaks

Soil probe

Flat and wide beaks

Air snatch

Chisel beaks

Wood driller

All purpose beaks

Generalist

Dagger beak

Fish spear

Anisodactyl

3 in front 1 in back

Zygodactyl

sideways? 2 in front 2 in back

Heterodactyl

2 in front 2 in back

Syndactyl

2 toes close together plus 1 up front and 1 behind

Pamprodactyl

4 forward (rotating feet)

Palmate

3 webbed 1 not

Totipalmate feet

fully webbed

Semipalmate

half-webbed

Lobate

lobbed feet

Feather tracts?

pterylae

Feather follicles restricted area

feather tracts

Bare skin without feather follicles

apteria

Primaries

Remiges of the outer wing attached to the bones of the hand: 9 to 12

Secondaries

Remiges of the inner wing that are attached to the ulna: 8 to 32

Coverts

contour feathers that overlie the base of the flight feathers on the wing and tail

Rectrices

feathers that originate from the tail bones and form the tail surface/airfoil

attached to pygostyle

Esophagus

Feeding tube that connects the mouth and the stomach

Pectoral girdle

Paired clavicles; fused furcula

Paired coracoids

Paired scapula

the importance of the Pectoral girdle

Gives the wing an anchor and pivot point; glenoid fossa

Humerus

attachment of flight muscles

Ulna

attachment of the secondary remiges

Carpometacarpus

fused metacarpal bones; attachment of primary remiges

Digits

fused phalanges; attachment of primary remiges

Crop

an enlargement of the lower esophagus that stores food

Proventriculus

chemical digestion

Gizzard

physical digestion

Duodenum

first loop of the small intestine that connects it with the stomach; bile ducts drain here

Small intestine

longest part of the digestive tract; where nutrients are absorbed

Pancreas

gland found in the inside of the duodenum; secretes insulin and enzymes to aid in food breakdown

Liver

largest organ; makes bile; detoxifies the blood

Spleen

immune function

Ceca (cecum)

full of bacteria that aid in digestion

Large intestine

short tube responsible to extracting remaining water; empties into cloaca

Cloaca

orifice at the end of the digestive tract; excreting waste