religion test 1

Faith

The theological virtue of believing in God and all that He reveals.

Hope

The theological virtue of trusting in God’s promise of eternal life and Heaven.

Charity (Love)

The theological virtue of loving God above all things and loving one's neighbor as oneself.

Theological Virtues

Gifts directly infused by God: Faith, Hope, and Charity.

Prudence

The cardinal virtue of making wise and right decisions in any situation.

Justice

The cardinal virtue of giving God and others what they rightfully deserve.

Fortitude

The cardinal virtue of moral courage and bravery to do good even in the face of hardship.

Temperance

The cardinal virtue of self-control, moderation, and balance in desires and habits.

Refugee

A general term for any person forced to flee their country due to war, violence, or persecution.

Convention Refugee

A person legally recognized under the 1951 Geneva Convention due to a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, or political opinion.

Refugee Claimant / Asylum Seeker

A person who has arrived in a host country and submitted an application for protection, awaiting an official decision.

Protected Person

An individual granted legal protection and safety because returning to their homeland would result in torture or death.

Morals

Personal or cultural customs and beliefs about what is right versus wrong.

Ethics

The philosophical and systematic study of why certain choices and actions are right or wrong.

The Scream

An ethical response characterized by an automatic, instinctual reaction to danger or an immediate emergency.

The Beggar (The Other)

An ethical response triggered face-to-face upon witnessing a person in vulnerable need.

"I have to" (Obligation)

An ethical response prompted by external rules, parental instruction, duty, or the law.

Injustice / Outrage

An ethical response felt as deep anger or distress upon witnessing an unfair situation.

Teleology

Aristotle's ethical theory asserting that actions must be understood in terms of their ultimate purpose, goal, or end (telos).

Polis

The city-state community where Aristotle believed human beings learn and practice virtuous living together.

Eudaimonia

Aristotle's term for true happiness, fulfillment, and human flourishing attained through a life of virtue.

Golden Mean

Aristotle's standard defining virtue as the balanced midpoint between two vices: deficiency and excess.

Practical Wisdom (Phronesis)

The intellectual capacity to discern and apply the right course of moral action in specific everyday situations.

Deontology

Immanuel Kant’s ethical system asserting that actions are morally right based on duty and universal rules, regardless of consequences.

Acting "According to Duty"

In Kantian ethics, doing the right thing for selfish benefits, praise, or fear of punishment, which carries no genuine moral worth.

Acting "FROM Duty"

In Kantian ethics, doing the right thing solely out of moral obligation and goodwill, conferring authentic moral value.

Theoretical Reason

Kant's concept of the human intellect used to analyze scientific facts, empirical data, and laws of nature.

Practical Reason

Kant's concept of the human faculty used to make conscious moral decisions and guide free human action.

Ethics of the Face

Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy positing that ethical responsibility originates from directly encountering the vulnerable face of another person.

The Call of the Face ("Do not kill me")

In Levinas's ethics, the immediate moral demand perceived in the Other that proclaims their sacred dignity and forbids their destruction.

Traces of the Divine

In Levinas's ethics, the subtle revelation or encounter with God experienced through selfless responsibility toward the Other.