Christian scriptures test 2

Rel 1310-Brent nessler

United monarchcy

The first period of the Kingdom of Israel in which all twelve tribes are united under a single king.

1)Saul 1020-1000 BCE

2)David 1000-961 BCE

3)Solomon 961-922 BCE

The schism

After solomon, the kingdom will divide into these two distinct kingdoms: Israel and Judah (United —→ Divided)

Amnon

1st heir of david - killed by Absalom as revenge for raping sister Tamar

Kileab/Daniel

2nd Heir of David - nothing in bible about him

Absalom

3rd heir of David - killed by Joab after attempted coup vs david

Adonijah

4th heir of david - proclaimed self king when david was very old

Solomon (shalom)

5th heir of David - second child of David and Bathsheba - reappears with Bathsheba (mother) and Nathan (prophet) in 1 Kgs 1-2

Nathan

The prophet that warns Bathsheba that Adonijah will kill her and Solomon which then solomon takes throne and has enemies executed (eg Adonijah)

What does solomon request for when YHWH appears in dream while at gibeon for sacrifices?

Wisdom - “a mind of understanding to govern your people; to discern between good and evil”

Queen of sheba

Hears of solomon’s wisdom, so she goes to test him, and he passes - allows extravagant trade of wealth to ensue - from the southern Arabian peninsula or eastern Africa (not sure where Sheba is)

Solomons temple (7 years)

The First temple - reinforces Jerusalem as venter of YHWH worship - made through forced labor (workers provided by king Hiram of Trye) - layout mirrors that of the tabernacle

Ark of the covenant

housed in the holy of holies

Idolatry

Solomon performs idolatry by marrying different foreign women which leads him to build altars to various Gods - Violates YHWH blessing (consecration to temple) - Delayed punishment

Jereboam

Rebel leader who leads rebellion against solomon

Ahijahs prophecy

Ahijah (prophet) tears garment in 12 pieces—→ gives jereboam10 peices(means that jereboam will be king of 10 tribes)—→ solomon wants jereboam dead—→ jereboam flees to egypt

King Rehoboam

Takes throne after solom dies - makes forced labor worse and harder for israelites even though they requested lighter workload - goes against old advisors

corvee

a practice of forced labor in which subjects yield service to their ruler for a prescribed period of time (e.g. solomons corvee practices)

Divided monarch

second period of the monarchy post schism

kingdom of israel (northern kingdom)

seceded northern tribes 10/12 - first king: Jereboam, son of Nebat - Capital: Samaria

Hannah

Burdened by infertility - Sarah, Rachel, and Samsons mother - prays to YHWH at shiloh sanctuary for a child - Hannah conceives samuel

Eli

priest at shiloh who sees Hannah praying for a child and assumes she is drunk

Samuel

Son of hannah - nazaraite and dedicated to priest hood - Elis apprentice

Samuel as a priest

Offers sacrifices; anoints first king of israel (saul and david) - he also is a prophet, a judge, military leader, acts as a decision maker

when did the northern kingdom of israel fall?

722-721 BCE

when did the babylonian empire and judah fall

587 BCE

Shishaks invasion

Shisak (egyptian king) attacks/plunders Jerusalem becuase Egypt is expanding influence in response to Assyria (creating bugger zone)

• implicit rationale: YHWH punishing Jeruslam for Rehoboams idolatry

king hezekiah (late 8th centruy-early 7th century BCE)

Overall righteous king - removes/destroys high places, pillars, and sacred poles - initially non-compliant with the Assyrian empire - the northern kingdom of israel falls during hezekiah’s reign - he starts paying off ASSYRIA W TEMPLE GOLD for time

Sennacheribs siege

assyrian army besieges jerusalem under leadership of sennacherib(assyrian king)

sennacheribs prism

an assyrian record that includes statements concerning sennacheribs siege of jerusalem

king manasseh(7th century)

son of hezekiah, he pays tribute on time and the judahites army helped assyria conquer egypt, he is described as the most evil king in the history of israel/judah because he rebuilt everything hezekiah tore down, he built altars to ilicit gods in the temple precinct,accused of child sacrifice

Torah

Book of the law, found during king josiahs reign

King josiah

Ruled Jerusalem for 31 years and repaired the temple of the lord (took down idol altars) - he gathered the people to read the law and renewed their covenant with God - restored the celebration of passover.

huldah

prophetess that was consulted to authenticate law during king josiahs reign when they found the torah

josiahs reforms

sweeping religious reforms instituted by Josiah in response to finding the book of the law

King Ahab

Son of Omri - married to Jezebel - murdered legitimate prophets of YHWH - aligned with idolatry and evil - worshiped Baal - killed Naboth

Baal

storm God- worshiped by Ahab

Elijah

prototypical prophet - challenges the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel, hears God at Mount Horeb, and condemns King Ahab for murdering Naboth to steal his vineyard. - Elijah never dies and is taken up to the heavens by a chariot on fire

Elisha

Succesor (appointed by Elijah) - takes up Elijah’s mantle - miracle’s of healing and resurrection - feeds 100 people with 20 loaves and sac of grain (leftovers)

Jehu

Son of Nimshi - prophet that was sent by Elisha anoints him as king to overthrow Omrides (Ahab and Jezebel)

Jezebel

wife of Ahab - killed by jehu - tossed from a window, trampled by horses- and body was eaten by dogs

Syro Ephraimite crisis

Aram (Syria) and Israel (Ephraim) try to form defensize coaltition against assyrian empire but judah refuses to help

Fall of israel

assyrian invasion of israel, capture of samaria, and deportation of idraelites - Assyrians fed up with the Levant region - “occurred because the people of Israel had sinned against YHWH their God … They had worshiped other gods.”

Babylonian exile (587-539 BCE)

a period in which the Babylonian empire conquered Judah and exiled many Jerusalem residents to Babylon - destroyed the Jerusalem temple - toppled the Davidic monarchy

why did babylon conquer judah?

sociopolitical - expansion (buffer zone from egypt) - economic - trade routes (access to southern Mediterranean)

key element of israelite/judahite identity

connection to the promised land - Promised to Abraham, sought by Moses, settled by Joshua, defended by kings

Exilic (aftermath)

eras of identity (re)formation and (re)negotiation

postcolonial studies

gives attention to how texts reflect ongoing negotiations between

1) the reality of imperial oppression

2) the desire to maintain indigenous identity

trauma studies

gives attention to how texts portray, are shaped by, and originate from traumatic circumstances (eg, war,abuse,displacement)

trauma

a psychological affliction that manifests physiologically(in the body; observable) - fight/flight/freeze/fawn responses; loss of security and identity

What was the babylonian exiles goal?

to hinder rebellion organization

• Assyria: systematically mixing peoples (homogenization)

• Babylon: deportation of VIP’s to capital

• Persia: will not engage in deporation

Cyrus II (the greate)

first imperial king of persia; sends exiled peoples home

Deportations largely enacted for those in __________

Jerusalem (royal/holy capital)

deportees included:

• royal personnel

• wealthy families

• high ranking religious personnel

• educated/literate people

  • scribes

scribes

writers/readers in the ANE (royal, religous, etc)

prophet

a person that interprets and or communicates the will of the divine; more forthtellers than foretellers

prophecy

the subject matter of divine words, omens/signs, or symbols that commenate on present circumstances and near-future consequences (practical and informative)

latter prophets

anthologies of oracles recorded, organized, and perserved in the biblical canon

oracle

short poetic speeches(spoken/written) communicating divine words

divinatory practices

• astrology

• oneiromancy

• cleromancy

• necromancy

• extispicy/haruspex

purpose: always life or death

astrology

Interpretation of the heavens (sun,moon,stars, etc)

oneiromancy

dream interpretation

cleromancy

casting lots

necromancy

invoking spirits of the dead

extispicy/harupex

interpretation of animal entrails/remains

biblical texts mostly avoid _____

divinatory practices, unless they lead you to YHWH - YHWH often depicted as speaking directly to prophets

retributive justice

Principle illustrated in the former and latter prophets; YHWH’s response to Israel corresponds with their conduct

• adhere to YHWHs covenant→blessing/prosperity

• break YHWHs covenant→cursing/struggle

Goal of a prophet

interpret/communicate the will of God in light of present day covenant faithfulness

The book of the Twelve (B12)

the twelve so-called “minor prophets”; theorizes that all twelve books were compiled and transmitted on a single scroll

Call of Ezekial

he used to be a priest but then became a prophet - he has a vision of a scroll full of woe and mourning - he was instructed to eat the scroll “honey” - taken to babylon w deportees

What was ezekials vision?

recieves vision in babylon “by the river chebar” - he sees 4 creatures w four faces (human,lion,ox,eagles) + wheels

Amos

emphasis on lack of justice - no call to repentance - day of YHWH: forthcoming day of reckoning

Hosea

Israel judged for worship of Baal - marries a prostitute named gomer

micah

contemporary of isaiah - judgement on false prophets

zephaniah

contemporary of jeremiah - day of YHWH concept employed - Remnant theology: YHWH has special purposes for those who survive exilic punishment

Nahum

Oracles against ninevah(capital of assyria)

form criticism

an approach to biblical analysis that focuses on categorizing formal patterns and structures of texts

genre

formal category regarding literary style and structure

resilience studies

an interdisciplinary approach that considers how texts derive from and encourage resilience

resilience

ones capacity to withstand or overcome adversity

parellelism

the structure of parallel words, lines and sections, used as the basis of virtually all Hebrew poetry

synonymous parralelism

the second line restates the first with different terminology

antithetic parallelism

the second line contrasts the statement of the first line

synthetic parallelism

the second line adds on to the statement of the first line

lament psalm

A psalm that mourns a circumstance, the successes of the wicked, and the perceived absence of God

Praise Psalm

Psalms that celebrate a circumstance, the successes of the righteous, and the perceived presence of God

cyrus cylinder

an official persian document declaring victory over babylon and releases of exiled peoples to homelands

yehud

persian imperial province of jerusalem and surroundings

diaspora

the scattering of people beyond their homeland

persian period (539-332 BCE)

liberation from Exile —→ Alexander the great

Hellenistic period (332-32 BCE)

Alexander the Great —→ Roman conquest

cyrus the greate

persian imperial founder; releases exiled community

eztra

priest/scribe - “skilled in laws of moses” ; oversees religious laws - reads torah to yehud at temple —> weeping —> celebration

nehemiah

governer;leads reconstruction effort of jersualem walls

The psalter (book of palsms) consists of how many books?

Consists of 5 books ending with a benediction

superscription

a descriptive verse/line at the beginning of a psalm

davidic collections

several collections are associated with david through their superscriptions

psalmist

term used to refer the writer of a given psalm, since they are all virtually anonymous apart from superscriptions

Remnant theology

YHWH has special purposes for those who survive exilic punishment

apocalypse

gree era genre; literature pertaining to celestial warfare, cosmic upheaval, and eschatology (ie.. the end)

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Hated - outlawed jewish worship and expression - converted temple to worship Zeus: ‘‘Abomination of the desolation’’ - You cannot worship your God