Neck + Abdomen + Chest

how many compartments are in the neck

4

red compartment

vertebral

yellow compartment

visceral

purple compartments

R/L vascular

what surrounds and separates neck compartments

fascia

what between the neck compartments and importance

potential spaces, space for pathogens and cancerous cells

muscle (innervation) (origin, insertion)

platysma (facial nerve) (pectoralis major/deltoid, mandible)

2 types of fascia in the neck

superficial and deep

how many layers of the neck are there

9

layers of the skin (superficial to deep)

skin, subcutaneous fat, superficial fascia (platysma), investing cervical fascia, pretracheal fascia, muscles (sternocleidomastoid, infrahyoid muscles), carotid sheath (blood vessels and nerves), viscera layer (thyroid, trachea, esophagus), prevertebral fascia

subcutaneous fat

what is subcutaneous fat

cutaneous nerves, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

space (includes what?)

carotid space (carotid sheath, common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, nerves)

retropharyngeal space

space (importance)

danger space (cancer spreading)

muscle (origin, insertion)

sternocleidomastoid (sternum/clivical, mastoid process/occipital bone)

trapezius

levator scapulae

muscle (origin, insertion)

rhomboid major (vertebrae T2-5, medial border of scapula)

muscle (origin, insertion)

rhomboid minor (vertebrae C7-T1, medial border of scapula)

muscle (origin, insertion)

latissimus dorsi (thoracolumbar fascia, intertubercular sulcus)

splenius capitis

splenius cervicis

semispinalis capitis

posterior triangle

levator scapulae

middle scalene

anterior scalene

vein landmarks for SCM

internal jugular (underneath), external jugular (on top), anterior jugular (runs along anterior)

term, importance

lesser supraclavicular fossa, includes inferior portion of interior jugular vein

when does the mastoid develop

when infants start using that level of movement in SCM

term (innervation)

suboccipital triangle (posterior ramus of C1 spinal nerve)

importance of suboccipital triangle

carry the arteries and nerves that go directly from vertebrae to the brain

green

obliques capitis superior

red

obliques capitis inferior

blue

rectus capitis posterior major

shoulder droop is damage to which nerve

CN 11 (accessory)

describe shoulder droop

damage to nerve, no tension in trapezius, clavicle/scapula cannot pull muscle up

what muscle separates the posterior triangle into what and what

omohyoid separates into occipital and subclavian

what runs through occipital triangle, why concerning

CN 11 (most superficial), external jugular vein

what runs through the subclavian triangle, what’s its use

subclavial artery, pressure point preventing bleeding in the arm

anterior triangle

term (including?)

submandibular triangle (lymph nodes, hypoglossal/facial nerves)

submental triangle

carotid triangle

importance of carotid triangle

carotid artery, too much pressure and pt ko

muscle triangle

external obliques

rectus abdominus

internal obliques

transverse abdominis

pectoralis major

deltoid

subclavius

linea alba

arcuate line

what differs in the aponeuroses of the abdomen above/below the arcuate line

above - internal obliques split and form around the rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis runs posterior

below - internal obliques and trasnverse abdominis runs anterior

significance of anterior lateral abdominal wall

lots of hernias

describe what a hernia is

separate of muscle fibers, space in between for organ/tissue petrusion

describe the singular physiological hernia (others are pathological)

week 10 of fetal life, fast growth of GI tract (intestines) spreads outside the abdominal wall

borders of anterolateral wall

coastal cartilage of ribs 7-10, pelvis/external obliques

layers of anterolateral abdominal wall (superficial to deep)

skin, superficial fatty (camper fascia), deep membranous (scarpa fascia), external/interal obliques, transverse abdominis, deep fascia (endoabdominal), fatty tissue (extraperitoneal fascia), parietal peritoneum

aponeurosis of what muscle for what important ligament (what’s the importance)

external obliques turn into the inguinal ligament (finds the femoral artery, hernias)

femoral triangle

arteries (importance), location

superior/inferior epigastric arteries (supply abdominal muscles), deep to rectus abdominis

course of vessels/nerves in the abdomen

between internal obliques and transverse abdominis

folds of the posterior aspect of the anterolateral abdominal wall

median umbilical, 2 median umbilical, 2 lateral umbilical

fold (structures)

middle umbilical fold (urinal bladder, umbilicus)

fold (structures)

anterior/posterior middle umbilical folds (embryo umbilical arteries

fold (structures)

anterior/posterior lateral umbilical folds (inferior epigastric vessels)

structure (importance)

Hesselbach Triangle (weak spot, inguinal canal/hernia)

lateral inguinal fossa

importance of inguinal canal for men

passageway of testes from posterior abdominal wall scrotum, through superficial inguinal ring (covering from wall)

importance of tested being outside of the abdominal cavity

temperature/spermatogenesis, high risk of testicular cancer

muscles (function)

cremaster muscles (pulls up testes)

importance of inguinal canal for women

framework to prevent overdescent of ovaries from the anterolateral wall to lesser pelvis. ligamentun teres goes through to attach itself to teres major and pubic

inguinal hernias are more common in ____ (why)?

men (bigger canal from testes than ligaments)

what goes through the inguinal canal along with the testes/ligamentum teres? (importance)

arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatic vessels (first sight of lymphatic drainage, no palpable in cases of cancer)

inguinal ligament

vas deferens

inguinal canal

epigastric vessels

deep inguinal ring

what separates the parietal cavity and the inguinal canal (importance)?

parietal peritoneum, transversalis fascia (thin layers, more likely to have a direct inguinal hernia

structures commonly involved in inguinal hernia

ilium, greater augmentum

what type of inguinal hernia is congenital?

indirect

describe indirect inguinal hernia

structure must pass through the deep inguinal ring into the inguinal canal and out the superficial inguinal ring into the scrotum

describe direct inguinal hernia

structures go through the Hesselbach triangle and put pressure on the inguinal canal, occasionally it pushes into the canal and out the superficial inguinal ring

why do inguinal hernias typically go unnoticed

symptoms include diarrhea, slight discomfort, and bulging, no pain

locate femoral canal

find the inguinal ligament from anterior superior iliac spine, posteriorly retroinguinal space that holds the femoral canal, including the femoral artery/vein and inguinal lymph node

why is the femoral canal not really a canal

its surrounded by loose connective tissue

what’s the space inside the femoral canal called? used for the diameter extension of the femoral artery

retrofemoral space

what covers the femoral ring (contents)?

femoral septum (connective and fatty tissue)

femoral septum differences men vs women (why)

fibers are more separate in women vs men (wider pelvis), hernia is more likely in women

which nerve innevates the anterior scalene

phrenic nerve

muscle (innervations)

anterior (trigeminal, mandibular)/posterior (facial) belly of the digastric muscle

describe corono mortis

vascular branch connecting the deep inferior epigastric vessels with the obturator vessels, commonly hit when repairing a femoral hernia

hesselbach triangle borders

medial (rectus abdominis), lateral (inferior epigastric vessels), inferior (inguinal ligament)

exit of a femoral hernia (importance)

saphenous opening in the fascia lata (same exit point for saphenous vein)