Learning and Memory : Conditioning and Learning CH4/5

How many stages in classical conditioning?

3, (before, during, after)

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus that isn’t learnt - has no naturally occurring response

NOT LEARNT - NO SIGNIFICANT RESPONSE

Unconditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that produces a naturally occurring BUT UNLEARNT response (unconditioned response)

AUTOMATIC BUT NOT LEARNT

Conditioned

Not learnt

Conditioned

Learnt

Conditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that produces a learnt response (conditioned response) after repeatedly being paired with a different unconditioned stimulus

Eg. bell paired with food (UCS)

Unconditioned Response

Automatic reaction that occurs when presented with an unconditioned stimulus

Eg. Dog drooling at food

Conditioned response

A reaction that occurs when presented with a learnt/conditioned stimulus

Eg. Dog drools when it hears a bell since it has learnt that bell ringing = food time

Classical Conditioning

Learning of a reflex

Repeated associations between two stimulus to produce a conditioned response

Passive process

Behaviourist view

Behaviourist view

Idea that a response is caused by stimulus in the environment

Classical Conditioning STAGE 1

Before conditioning

No learning has taken place, learner has made no connection between NS and UCS

Classical Conditioning STAGE 2

During Conditioning

Neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus multiple times.

UCS produces the UCR

Classical Conditioning Stage 3

After Conditioning

NS becomes a CS - learning has occurred!!

UCR becomes CR

Operant Conditioning

3 stage process (remember by ABC)

involving reinforcement (positive/negative) and punishment (positive/negative)

The idea that behaviours with good consequences will be repeated more and ones with nag tube consequences won’t be

Operant Conditioning stages

ABC

Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequence

Operant Conditioning STAGE 1

Antecedent

Any environment stimulus that triggers an action

Operant Conditioning STAGE 2

Behaviour

any action

Operant Conditioning STAGE 3

Consequence

Result of behaviour that makes the behaviour more or less likely to occur again

USING POSITIVE/NEGATIVE & REINFORCEMENT/PUNISHMENT

Reinforcement

Strengthening a behaviour

Punishment

Weakening a behaviour

Positive (context of operant conditioning)

Adding a stimulus

Negative (context of operant conditioning)

Removing a stimulus

Observational Learning

Learning from one serving others

5 stages

Social Cognitive Theory

Occurs when a learner watches a models behaviour and its consequences and uses it to guide their own behaviour

Social Cognitive Theory

Idea that individuals learn lots from the people around them with or without reinforcement. Social learning

Observational learning stages

ARR MR

Attention

Retention

Reproduction

Motivation

Reinforcement

Observational Learning STAGE 1

Attention

Learner must actively watch the models behaviour and their consequences

Observational Learning STAGE 2

Retention

Learner must store a mental representation of the models behaviour for future use

Observational Learning STAGE 3

Reproduction

Learning must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the behaviour

Observational Learning STAGE 4

Motivation

Learning must WANT to perform the behaviour

Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi Store Model

Proposes that Human memory storage works in 3 components (Sensory memory, Short term memory, long term memory)

Observational Learning STAGE 5

Reinforcement

The consequence of the behaviour influences the learners likelihood of reproducing the behaviour in the future

Encoding

Converting info into a useable form

Storage

Retaining info for a period of time

Retrieval

Accessing info that has been previously stored

Sensory memory

Entry point for memory

Info lost if not attended to/given attention to

Sensory info stays long enough for us to determine which of the stimuli we can attend to

Short term memory (STM)

‘Working memory’ that is actively and consciously rehearsing material

That is either attended to from sensory memory OR retrieved from the long term memory

Info can be encoded from STM into LTM!

Info decays or is displaced if not rehearsed

Long term memory (LTM)

Passive storage system retained via the synaptic pathways in the brain.

Information is retrieved BACK into STM when it is used again

Info may be lost ivertime

Aboriginal and Torres strait islander ways of knowing CONCEPTS (3)

1. learning embedded in relationships

2. Multimodal systems of knowledge

3. Knowledge Patterned on Country

the three ideas tend to be combined

learning embedded in relationships

learning through relationships with family members, elders, and other community members.

May share knowledge through storytelling, demonstration, observation, participation, and guided practice

Knowledge patterned on Country

place, space, connection - connect what it does for learning/memory

a certain spot/location can trigger/remind your memory

Multimodal systems of knowledge

stories, spoken explanation, observation, and movement are combined