bio mid terms

Observation

the action of watching something to obtain a certain goal. (all 5 senses)

Inference

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

Hypothesis

An initial assumption used to further investigage.

qualitative data

Information describing the qualities of objects observed, but not measured

Quantitative

Data that concerns numbers, measurement's, etc..

Independent Variable (Manipulated Variable)

The variable that does not depend on another variable, only manipulated variable. (x)

Dependent Variable (Responding Variable)

Depends on the independent variable, and changes bc of independent variable.

Control group

A group that is unchanged by the other investigation, constant + unchanging.

Data

Known facts and statistics.

Science

the process of learning about the natural world through observation and experimentation.

Scientific Theory

Structured explanation that explains a group of facts or phenomena in the natural world.

scientific law

Undisputable scientific theories. EX: Newtons Law of Motion and Law of the Conservation of Energy.

Scientific Methodology 1

Observation

Scientific Methodology step 2

Make inferences + form hypotheses

Scientific Methodology step 3

Design controlled experiment

Scientific Methodology step 4

Collect + analyze data

Scientific Methodology step 5

Draw and create conclusions

Scientific Methodology step 6

share with peers for reviews

Scientific Methodology step 7

publish results

Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast contains chlorophyll

Cell Theory

all organisms are made of cells

all existing cells are produced by other living cells

cells are the basic building blocks of life

Prokaryotes

Genetic material, no membrane bound organelles, unicellular

Eukaryote

well-defined nucleus, has DNA, membrane bound organelles, multicellular

objective lens magnifications

4x, 10x, 40x

ocular eyepiece magnification

10x

high power focusing

fine power focus

low power focusing

coarse focus knob

When looking at something through a microscope it will appear

backwards and reversed

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, contains DNA

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes and RNA

Chromatin

tangled mass of DNA, genetic material

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

produces/stores lipids and fats

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

has ribosomes, makes proteins

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

There are many mitochondria in

animal and muscle cells

Lysosome

small organelles filled with enzymes, digestive ones break carbs, lipids, and proteins, only in animal cell

Centrioloes

Pairs, aid in cellular division (mitosis)

Vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

Chlorophyll

pigment, captures energy from sun

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

cell membrane

a semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that regulates homeostasis between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment

Cholesterol

Strengthens immune system aids in proper digestion

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Passive Transport types

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

concentration gradient

higher to lower concentration

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Active transport types

endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Types of endocytosis

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

Pinocytosis

process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

excotyosis

gets rid of cell waste, gets important materials the cell made out.

Isotonic

normal cells, equal osmotic pressure

Hypotonic

cells swell and burst, low osmotic pressure

Hypertonic

cells shrivel, high osmotic pressure

Energy

ability to do work

ATP is made up of

Adenine, three phosphate groups, ribose sugar

ADP is made up of

adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate groups

ATP

fully charged, energy stored in bonds

ADP

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

Heterotroph

consumer, get's food from hunting and gathering

Autotroph

Producers, make food by photosynthesis

Chlroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Chloroplast contains

outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, thylakoids, chlorophyll

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Thylakoid stack

granum

Chlrophyll

pigment that absorbs light energy in a chloroplast

Light

Sunlight is mixtures of wavelengths.

High absorption colors

red, blue, purple

Low absorption colors

yellow, green

Light Dependent

needs sun and water to provide electrons for NADPH and creating high-energy compounds, occurs in thylakoids, oxygen byproduct.

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Happens in stroma, do not require light, needs carbon dioxide, energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as glucose.

NADP+

Goes to get electrons, and when full turns into NADPH, the electron carrier

NADPH

Goes to Calvin Cycle, drops off electrons and turns into NADP+

ADP AND ATP role

Needs energy, ADP \= made through sun in thylakoid, needed for Calvin Cycle to work.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O --\> light energy --\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Flagella

Singular tail in prokaryote cells, used for movement/locomotion

Adding salt to water

Adding solutes to water

Phosphate heads

polar, hydrophilic

Fatty Acid tails

nonpolar, hydrophobic

Rober Mayer

1848: came up that plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

Melvin Calvin

1948: came up with Calvin Cycle.

Light independent reaction of photosynthesis

Happens in stroma, do not require light, needs carbon dioxide, energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as glucose.

electron transport chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP Electron, in mitochondria

Growth and Development

Living things grow and evolve, and are made up of cells.

Reproduction

the production of offspring (sexual or asexual)

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain an internal stable environment

Response to stimulus

a reaction to a change in the environment

Metabolism

Living things obtain and use material and energy. These materials help them grow, develop, reporduce. Metabolism helps them break or build up these materials.

Cellular

pertaining to cells

Genetics

The scientific study of heredity

Evolution

Living things evolve

DNA

Universal genetic code

Stimulus

When detected it promotes a response. You respond to a stimulus.

Unicellular

organism made of one cell

Multicellular

organism made of more than one cell

Paleontologist

scientist who studies fossils