Comprehensive US History: Native Lands, Exploration, Colonization, and Early Settlements

Beringia

Some scholars believe that between nine and fifteen thousand years ago, a land bridge existed between Asia and North America which we now call _____.

remained isolated and formed highly distinctive cultures

Individual bands of Paleo-Indians ____.

Tenochtitlá

____, on the site of modern Mexico City, served as the capital of the Aztec empire.

What was the driving force behind the Europeans' desire to find an oceanic route to Asia?

The difficulty of overland travel and Direct access to Asian markets and their exotic trade goods

Crusades

The series of attempts by Christian armies to retake the Holy Lands from Muslims was known as the ________.

Feudalism

_______ consisted of interdependent relationships between powerful overlords, warriors, and laborers who worked the land.

Explorer

In 1492, an Italian _______ named Christopher Columbus persuaded the monarchs to fund his expedition to the Far East.

tend crops and convert to Catholicism

Initially, the Spanish tried to force Indians to __________.

Slavery ________.

developed differently in various cultures throughout its long history

____ were accounts written by Spanish explorers, starting with Christopher Columbus, that tended to exaggerate their discoveries in the New World.

Probanzas de meritos

Which of the following was not a goal of Spanish exploration?

to defeat Ghana's navy

Christopher Columbus fully expected to land in _______.

Asia

Instead, Columbus sailed to an island he named _________.

Hispaniola

England's break with the Catholic church came because Henry VIII ______.

wanted a divorce

____ financed England's first successful attempts at North American colonization.

Joint-stock companies

____ launched the Atlantic slave trade.

Portuguese merchants

Under the leadership of ____, Portugal excelled at exploration and trade but established few permanent settlements.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Puritans worked to erase all vestiges of ________ from the Church of England.

Catholicism

____, as embraced by the Puritans, emphasized human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressed the idea of predestination (the belief that God selected a few chosen people for salvation while everyone else was predestined to damnation).

Calvinism

____ ranged far afield, asserting French claims as far south as the Texas Gulf Coast

Sieur Robert de LaSalle

Henry VIII's marriage to ___, and the alliance it represented, forestalled English colonization in the Americas for a time.

Catherine of Aragon

During the reign of Elizabeth I, ____ claimed a vast New-World territory that he called Virginia

Sir Walter Raleigh

______ founded the outpost of New Netherland.

Dutch

New Amsterdam, modern New York City, became known for its _______.

diverse population

____, the first attempt to colonize Raleigh's Virginia, disappeared without a trace.

Roanoke

Despite its location on a low-lying peninsula along the James River, ___ endured as the first successful English colony in North America.

Jamestown

Africans destined for a life of slavery in the Americas first endured ______.

The middle passage

Authoritarian leadership by ____ kept Jamestown from collapse during the earliest days of settlement.

John Smith

The cultivation of ____, pioneered by John Rolfe with the introduction of a new seed variety, made Jamestown an economic success.

Tobacco

Slavery proved slow to impact England's North American colonies, with ___ supplying much of the agricultural labor.

indentured servants

Once it took root, chattel slavery defined the enslaved population as ___.

Property

Envisioned as a refuge for English Catholics, ____ eventually joined Virginia as a prosperous tobacco colony.

Maryland

The___, separatists fleeing the state-run Church of England, drafted the Mayflower Compact as the foundation for a new colonial government.

Pilgrims

The ____ migrated to America mostly in family units which lent stability to their prosperous Massachusetts Bay colony.

Puritans

Roger Williams founded ____ in response to the religious intolerance of Massachusetts Puritans.

Rhode Island

In the wake of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, Charles II granted ____ to his brother.

New Netherland

Persecuted for their beliefs, ____ fled first to Barbados and, after its founding, to Pennsylvania.

Quakers

Many early immigrants to the ____ colony came from the English sugar island of Barbados.

Carolina

James Oglethorpe envisioned ____ as a military buffer against New Spain and a utopian community for England's "worthy poor".

Georgia

____ agreed to work for a fixed period of time to repay the cost of their transportation to America.

Indentured servants

Explain how religious and political turmoil at home delayed England's entrance into North American colonization.

England took longer to start colonizing North America because they had a lot of problems going in their own country. they had religious problems between Catholics and protestants and also had problems with the church of England. England was more focused on their problems at home instead of colonizing north America. Once thing became more stable, England started focusing more on colonies.

Discuss the motivational, and later cultural, differences between the English settlements in Virginia and those in New England.

Virginia and New England were different because they came to America for different reasons. Virginia mostly wanted to make money and grow crops. New England was more about religion and wanting to have religious freedom. The people in Virginia focused more on farming and making money. While the people in new England focused more on their religion and community. Since they came for different reasons, their cultures were different.