Plants

What is a photoautotroph?

A organism that can convert light energy into carbon and water into organic food molecules through photosynthesis

What domain is Plantae in?

Eukaryota

What did land plants evolve from?

fresh water (green) algae

What protects plants from drying out?

Cuticle

What is the cuticle?

waxy surface material, that is relatively impermeable (prevents water loss)

What does the cuticle limit?

gas exchange for respiration and photosynthesis

What is the stomata (tiny mouth opening)?

in the cuticle of plants and allows absorption of carbon dioxide and releases oxygen and water vapor

What vascular tissues are in the transport system in plants?

Xylem and Phloem

What does the xylem tissue do in a plant?

carries water

What does the phloem tissue do in a plant?

dissolved nutrients, including sugars produced by photosynthesis

What is a haploid?

One set of chromosomes(n)

What is a diploid?

Two sets of chromosomes (2n)

What is a haplodiplontic life cycle?

A life cycle with both a multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid stages

What does multicellular mean?

having, consisting of, or made up of more than one cell

What is a diplontic life cycle?

A life cycle with only the diploid stage is multicellular

Are plants or animals haplodiplontic?

Plants

Are plants or animals diplontic?

Animals

What is the first stage in the haplodiplontic cycle?

Multicellular sporophyte forms a sporangia and produces the spore mother cell

What is the second stage of the haplodiplontic cycle?

Mother cell produces 4 haploid spores via meiosis

What is the third stage in the haplodiplontic cycle?

Spores divides by mitosis to create haploid multicellular gametophytes

What is the fourth stage of the haplodiplontic cycle?

multicellular gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis

What is the fifth(final) stage of the haplodiplontic cycle?

2 gametes fuse and grow to create diploid sporophyte

Why is the diploid stage important?

it minimizes effects of UV mutation with 2 copies and can mask harmful recessive mutations

What do bryophytes lack?

vascular tissues

What are the three major groups in bryophytes?

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

Where are bryophytes found?

moist locations

What resource do bryophytes need to reproduce?

water so that the sperm can swim to the egg.

What is the first stage in the life cycle of moss?

multicellular sporophyte forms a sporangia and produces the spore mother cell

what is the second stage in the life cycle of moss?

mother cell produces 4 haploid spores via meiosisw

what is the third stage of the life cycle of moss?

spores divides by mitosis to create haploid multicellular gametophyte

what is the fourth stage of the life cycle of moss?

multicellular gametophytes produces gametes by mitosis

what is the fifth stage of the life cycle of moss?

2 gametes fuse and grow to create diploid sporophytes

What does the gametophyte look on mosses?

leaf-structures around stem-like axis multicellular rhizoids

where are gametagnia in moss?

at tips of gametophytes

what sex are archegonia (one egg)?

female

what sex are antheridia (multiple sperm?

male

What do sporophyte do on moss?

slender stalk with swollen sporangia develops and releases spores

What do sporophytes do on liverworts?

matures and releases spores

what do gametangia do in liverworts?

suspends sporophytes

what do gametophytes look on liverworts?

fat liver shaped

what do sporophytes do in hornworts?

matures and releases spores along length note stomata

Where are gametangia located at on hornworts?

embedded on sporophyte base.

what do gametophytes look like on hornworts?

flat with rhizoids often symbiotic with cyanobacteria

Hornworts are closest relatives to tracheophytes

True

What helps tracheophtes grow to big heights?

vascular tissue

What are green moss plants?

gametophyte

what are green trees?

sporophyte

What evoloved first stems or roots?

stems

What roles do roots have in tracheophytes?

transport and support

What is the use on leaves?

increase surface area for photosynthesis

What do seeds protect?

the embryo with highly resistant structure.

What tracheophytes don’t have seeds, but instead haploid spores?

Lycophytes and pterophtes

what are the three major clades in tracheophtes?

lycophytes, pterophytes, and seed plants

what are some types. of pterophytes?

whisk ferns, horse tails, and ferns

What do whisk ferns lack?

roots and leaves

What is the most abundant seedless vascular plant?

ferns

Is water required to transport the male gametophytes to the female gametophyte?

they are instead transported via wind or pollinator

What are gymnosperm?

a seed plant with seeds not enclosed in an ovary

What do angiosperms produce?

flowers and fruits

What are the four groups of gymnosperms

coniferophytes, cycadophytes, gneophytes and ginkgophytes

In gymnosperms, the ovule (becomes the seed), rests on exposed on a scale (modified shoot or leaf) and is not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at the time of pollination. T/F

True

What do cycads look like?

palm tree, but they are not flowering plants

What are the species of gnetophytes?

Welwitschia (green), ephedra (red), and gneta (blue)

Which is the only genera that differs greatly in structure?

welwitschia - occurs in deserts

What is the most common gnetophyte?

Ephedra

Which gnetophyte looks most like a horsetail?

Ephedra

Ephedrine is extracted from epherdia species because it is used as treatment for respiratory problems. T/F

True

What is the only living species of gunkgophytes?

Ginkgo biloba

Why are male ginkgo plants perfered over female?

female ginkgo plants produce rancid smells

What is the most familiar gymnosperm?

pine trees

Multicellular pollen contains sperm, ovule contains egg. T/F

True

How do you tell the difference between monocots and dicots?

vein patterns, location of xylem/phloem, root structure, and flower structure

What are the types of monocots?

true grasses, major grains (rice, wheat), and many flowers (lilies, daffodils, irises,etc)

What are types of dicots?

trees (maple, oak) and flowers (sunflowers, dandelions)