ROP- Cardiovascular System

Ichemia

Reduced blood flow deprives tissues and organs of vital oxygen and nutrients

Infarct

Area of dead tissue caused by a sudden lack of blood flow and oxygen; caused by ischemia

Orthostatic hypotension

Sudden drop in blood pressure that happens when you stand up from a sitting or lying position; dangling can be a safe intermediate step to prevent sudden pressure drops

Systole/Systolic

Contraction phase

Diastole/Diastolic

Period of time a chamber is relaxed

Palpitations

Feelings of a fast, pounding, fluttering, or skipped heartbeat that you notice in your chest, throat, or neck

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Plumbing issue; Blood flow to part of the heart muscle is suddenly blocked bc of clots; causing tissue to be damaged or die; commonly known as heart attack

Cardiac Arrest

Electrical problem; Heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating, cutting off blood flow to the brain and other vital organs

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening, thickening, and loss of flexibility in the walls of arteries

Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)

Test that records electrical signals passing through your heart

Stress testing

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Surgical procedure that uses healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to reroute blood around blocked or narrowed heart arteries

Beta-blocker drugs

Slow heart rate and lower blood pressure by blocking the effects of stress hormones like adrenaline; causes heart to beat more slowly and with less force; usually endeds in “olol”

Diuretic

medications that help your kidneys remove extra salt and water from your body through urine; increases urine production and lowers blood volume and blood pressure

Thrombolytic

Emergency “clot-busting” medications given through a vein or catheter to rapidly dissolve dangerous blood clots blocking blood flow

cardi/o, coron/o

heart

ather/o

fatty substance

myocardi/o

heart muscle

phleb/o

Vein

thromb/o

clot

P, HR, BPM

Pulse, Heart Rate, Beats per minute

BP

blood pressure

HTN

Hypertension

ECHO

Echocardiogram

tPA

tissue-type plasminogen activator

AED

automated external defibrilator

DVT

Deep Vein Thrombosis

RR

Respiratory Rate

Normal Respiratory Rates

Infant: 24-35

Child: 18-28

Adult: 12-20

BP Sites

Pulmonary circulation

between heart and lungs, transports deoxygenated blood to lungs to get oxygen, transports oxygenated blood to heart

Systemic ciruclation

carries oxygenated blood away from heart, and deoxygenated to heart

Arteries

Large, thick-walled vessels that carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart

Only exception is pulmonary artery (carries deoxygenated)

Arterioles

Smallest artery, deliver blood to capillaries

Veins

Small, thin vessels that carry deoxygenated blood BACK to the heart. Valves prevent backflow (as valves disintegrate various venous conditions emerge)

Valves of Heart (In order)

Tricuspid (atrioventricular valve): R atrium to R ventricle

Pulmonary Valve (semilunar valve): R ventricle and pulmonary artery

Mitral valve (bicuspid valve): L atrium to L ventricle

Aortic Valve: (semilunar valve): L ventricle and aorta

Chambers of heart (in order)

Right atria, right ventricle, left atria, left ventricle

Blood flow of the heart

Superior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary artery → left atrium→ mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

Conduction system

SA node causes atria to contract (systole) → AV node stimulated → AV bundle stimulated → Bundle branches travel down within interventricular septum → Purkinje fibers are stimulated resulting in ventricular systole

BORG

RPE (rating of perceived exertion) scale. Used to determine how hard patients on medications that affect heart rate are working.

Endocardium

Heart’s MOST interior lining

Pericardium

Encloses the heart

Myocardium

Heart’s muscle (thick part)

Epicardium

most outer layer of heart lining before the pericardium and pericardial activity

Heart Wall

Endocardium → Myocardium → Epicardium → Pericardium

ACE Inhibitor

produces vasodilation and decreases blood pressure

Anticoagulants

Prevents clot formation

Statin

lower cholesterol levels