Respiratory System, Microanatomy

What are the 2 portions of the respiratory systems?

Conducting portion

Respiratory portion

What is the function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Air conduction

Filtration

Humidification

Warming

The conducting portion is from:

Nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles

the mucosal lining in the conducting portion is made from what cells?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

The respiratory portion includes:

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

The respiratory portion is the primary site for:

Gas exchange

Alveoli are lined with what kind of cells?

Simple squamous epithelium

What is included the upper respiratory tract?

Nasal cavity

Nasal sinuses

Nasopharynx

Larynx

What is included in the lower respiratory tract?

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Inhalation is the expansion of the:

thoracic cavity

What is the mechanism of inhalation?

Diaphragm contracts/moves downward, external intercostals contract, rib cage lifts

What is the mechanism of exhalation?

Diaphragm/external intercostals relax, lung recoil

(passive process during quiet breathing

The nasal cavity is divided into two nasal cavities by the:

Nasap septum

Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses are lined by:

respiratory mucosa

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

Filtering (by hair)

Humidifying

Warming air

The roof of the nasal cavity contains:

olfactory mucosa

Olfactory mucosa is responsible for:

detection of smell and aspects of taste

These are air filled spaces in the skull, including the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, sinuses

Nasal sinuses

What is the function of the nasal sinuses?

Lightens skull

resonance for voice

Mucus secretion

Mucosa of the nasal sinuses consist of:

pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

Secretions of glands and goblet cells trap small particles in inspired air in a thin layer of surface mucus, which is propelled toward the pharynx by cilia movement known as:

Muco-ciliary escalator

Respiratory epithelium is supported by lamina propria rich in blood vessels and what two glands?

serous glands

mucous glands

In the nasopharynx, there is respiratory epithelium but with patches of:

squamous epithelium

Why does the nasopharynx develop squamous epithelium occur?

Due to increasing age, particularly near lower end, especially in smokers

What is the dominant feature of the nasopharynx?

Presence of large masses of lymphoid tissue Waldeyer’s ring

The waldeyers ring is prominent in what age group?

Children/young adults

This is the flexible tube of fibroeleactic tissue and cartilage. It is a series of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, which prevents collapse during breathing.

Trachea

The trachea is lined by:

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Contraction of the ____ reduces tracheal diameter, expelling air more forcefully during coughing.

Smooth muscle

Within the respiratory epithelium beneath the BM, the lamina propria consists:

Loose, highly vascular supporting tissue, becoming more condensed at deeper aspect to form a band of fibroelastic tissue

the loose submucosa contains numerous mixed:

seromucinous glands

The upper fold, the false vocal cord, is covered by:

columnar ciliated respiratory-type epithelium with seromucous glands

The lower fold, the true vocal cord, is covered by:

Stratified squamous epithelium, more resistant to effects of physical trauma

This is the area between the true and false vocal cord, lined by respiratory-type columnar epithelium with seromucous glands

Narrow cleft (ventricle)

this type of cancer is the mast majority of malignant tumors of the larynx

squamous cell carcinoma

The main bronchi are also known as:

Primary bronchi

Secondary bronchi are also known as:

Lobar bronchi

In the secondary bronchi, there is a gradual loss of:

cartilage

Tertiary bronchi is also known as:

Segmental bronchi

What is the epithelium like in tertiary bronchi?

Tall and columnar, little pseudostratification, less goblet cells

The bronchioes have no cartilage, what do they have?

smooth muscle, to regulate airway diameter

The terminal bronchioles are the:

smallest purely conducting portion of respiratory tree

Exposure to asbestos produces:

lung fibrosis

Asbestos can also cause this kind of cancer in the pleura:

Mesothelioma

Silicosis is a form of:

pneumonoconionsis