Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 14: The Digestive System and Body Metabolism

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering anatomical structures, histology, physiological processes, and metabolism of the digestive system from Marieb's Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Chapter 14.

Digestion

Breakdown of ingested food.

Absorption

Passage of nutrients into the blood.

Metabolism

Production of cellular energy ($\text{ATP}$).

Alimentary Canal

Continuous coiled hollow tube that winds through the ventral body cavity.

Lips (Labia)

Structures that protect the anterior opening of the mouth.

Cheeks

Structures that form the lateral walls of the oral cavity.

Hard Palate

Structure that forms the anterior roof of the mouth.

Soft Palate

Structure that forms the posterior roof of the mouth.

Uvula

Fleshy projection extending from the soft palate.

Vestibule

Space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally.

Oral Cavity

Area contained by the teeth.

Tongue

Muscular organ attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and secured by the lingual frenulum.

Mastication

Chewing of food.

Nasopharynx

Division of the pharynx that is not part of the digestive system.

Oropharynx

Division of the pharynx located posterior to the oral cavity that serves as a passageway for food and air.

Laryngopharynx

Division of the pharynx located below the oropharynx and connected to the esophagus.

Peristalsis

Alternating waves of contraction that propel food along the alimentary canal.

Segmentation

Moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing.

Esophagus

Tube running from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm that conducts food by peristalsis and serves as a passageway for food only.

Mucosa

Innermost moist membrane layer consisting of surface epithelium, lamina propria, and a small smooth muscle layer.

Submucosa

Layer just beneath the mucosa consisting of soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics.

Muscularis Externa

Smooth muscle layer typically consisting of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.

Serosa

Outermost layer consisting of visceral peritoneum and a layer of serous fluid-producing cells.

Cardioesophageal Sphincter

Muscular junction through which food enters the stomach.

Pyloric Sphincter

Muscular sphincter through which food empties into the small intestine.

Rugae

Internal folds of the stomach mucosa.

Lesser Omentum

Peritoneal layer that attaches the liver to the lesser curvature.

Greater Omentum

Peritoneal layer attaching the greater curvature to the posterior body wall; contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs.

Chyme

Processed food delivered by the stomach to the small intestine.

Chief Cells

Specialized cells in the gastric glands that produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens).

Parietal Cells

Specialized cells in the gastric glands that produce hydrochloric acid ($HCl$).

Duodenum

Subdivision attached to the stomach that curves around the head of the pancreas.

Jejunum

Subdivision of the small intestine that attaches anteriorly to the duodenum.

Ileum

Subdivision extending from the jejunum to the large intestine.

Villi

Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa that give the small intestine more surface area.

Microvilli

Small projections of the plasma membrane found on absorptive cells.

Lacteals

Specialized lymphatic capillaries involved in nutrient absorption.

Peyer's Patches

Collections of lymphatic tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine.

Cecum

Saclike first part of the large intestine.

Appendix

Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that hangs from the cecum.

Goblet Cells

Cells that produce mucus to act as a lubricant.

Salivary Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that begins starch digestion.

Deciduous Teeth

Primary set of $20$ baby or milk teeth fully formed by age two.

Permanent Teeth

Secondary set of $32$ teeth that replace deciduous teeth beginning between ages $6$ and $12$.

Crown (Tooth)

Exposed part of the tooth consisting of outer enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity.

Neck (Tooth)

Region in contact with the gum that connects the crown to the root.

Root (Tooth)

Region embedded in bone, with periodontal membrane and root canal carrying blood vessels and nerves.

Falciform Ligament

Ligament that suspends the four lobes of the liver from the diaphragm and abdominal wall.

Bile

Substance produced by liver cells containing bile salts, bile pigment, cholesterol, phospholipids, and electrolytes.

Gallbladder

Sac found in hollow fossa of liver that stores bile from the liver by way of the cystic duct.

Ingestion

Getting food into the mouth.

Propulsion

Moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another.

Defecation

Elimination of indigestible substances as feces.

Nutrient

Substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair.