Brain parts functions and nerves

Frontal Lobe

Reasoning, personality, emotions, problem solving, planning, parts of speech and movement

Parietal Lobe

Perceives information about Touch, Pain, Temperature, pressure, size, shape and color

Temporal Lobe

Auditory Stimuli and memory. Organizing and sequencing items and events

Occipital Lobe

Vision, printed words

Olfactory (I)

Sense of smell

Optic (II)

Vision

Oculomotor (III)

Motor impulses to 4/6 external muscles of the eye and eyelid muscle

Trochlear (IV)

Controls superior oblique muscle of eyeball

Trigeminal (V)

Sensory input of face, nose, mouth, forehead and top of head. Controls muscles of jaw (chewing)

Abducens (VI)

Impulses to lateral rectus muscle of eyeball

Facial (VII)

Controls muscles of face and scalp, lacrimal glands of eye, and submandibular and sublingual salivary glands; controls input from tongue for taste

Vestibulocochlear (acoustic) (VIII)

Input for hearing and equilibrium

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Provides general sense of taste, regulates swallowing, controls secretion of saliva

Vagus (X)

Controls muscles of pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs; controls swallowing, voice production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of Peristalsis (movement through Digestive tract)

Accessory (XI)

Controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, permitting movement of head and shoulders

Hypoglossal (XII)

Controls tongue movement

What is the largest portion of the mature brain?

The cerebrum

What two types of matter compose the cerebrum?

Gray matter and white matter.

What are the cerebrum’s main functions?

Sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movement.

What type of brain functions does the cerebrum govern?

Higher brain functions, including sensory and motor activity.

What is the surface of the cerebrum called?

The cerebral cortex.

What is a shallow groove in the brain called?

A sulcus.

What does the transverse fissure separate?

The cerebrum from the cerebellum.

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

The corpus callosum, the brain’s largest nerve tract.

What is the cerebral cortex?

The outer covering of the cerebrum.

What type of matter composes the cerebral cortex?

Gray matter, with white matter directly below it.

What are the main functions of the cerebral cortex?

Interprets sensory information, initiates body movements, stores memories, and creates emotions.

What are the meninges?

Three membranes that encompass the brain.

What are the three meninges, from innermost to outermost?

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater.

What is the pia mater?

The delicate innermost layer; holds blood vessels on the brain and spinal cord.

What is the arachnoid mater?

The middle meningeal layer with a weblike appearance.

What is the dura mater?

The outermost and strongest meningeal layer.

What are the four major divisions of the brain?

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.

What are the two parts of the brainstem?

The midbrain and hindbrain.

What are the two divisions of the hindbrain listed in the notes?

The pons and medulla oblongata.

What does diencephalon literally mean?

“Second portion of the brain.”

Which structures make up the diencephalon?

The thalamus and hypothalamus.

What is the thalamus’s main function?

Relays all sensory impulses except smell.

What is the thalamus composed of?

Two large masses of gray cell bodies connected by a third mass.

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Beneath the thalamus.

What nervous activity does the hypothalamus regulate?

Autonomic nervous activity associated with behavior and emotional expression.

What basic needs does the hypothalamus regulate?

Thirst and hunger.

What does the hypothalamus help maintain?

Body temperature and water balance.

How does the hypothalamus help regulate metabolism?

It produces neurosecretions that control water balance and sugar and fat metabolism.

Which body systems work together in metabolic regulation?

The hypothalamus and endocrine system.

What structures make up the brainstem?

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

What information does the brainstem relay to the cerebrum?

Visual, auditory, and other sensory information.

Where is the midbrain located?

Below the cerebrum and above the pons.

What are the midbrain’s functions?

Visual reflexes, tracking eye movements, and hearing (lower segments).

Where is the pons located?

Anterior to the cerebellum, between the midbrain and medulla oblongata.

What does the pons connect?

The cerebellum and medulla to higher cortical areas through fiber tracts.

What type of motor control does the pons help regulate?

Voluntary and involuntary motor control.

What does the medulla oblongata connect?

The pons and the rest of the brain to the spinal cord.

What circulatory functions does the medulla oblongata regulate?

Heartbeat and arterial blood pressure.

Which involuntary functions does the medulla oblongata control?

Breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.

What is the second-largest portion of the brain?

The cerebellum.

Where is the cerebellum located?

At the back of the skull, above the brainstem and below the cerebrum.

What are the cerebellum’s main functions?

Coordination of voluntary movements, muscle tone, and equilibrium.

Where does the spinal cord extend from and to?

From the base of the medulla oblongata to the L1–L2 junction.

What is the spinal cord’s main conduction function?

White matter carries sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to the body.

What other function does the spinal cord serve?

A reflex center for impulses that do not need to pass through the brain.

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A colorless fluid sometimes called the nervous system’s “blood.”

Where is CSF produced?

By the choroid plexus in the brain’s ventricles.

How does CSF protect the nervous system?

It cushions the brain and spinal cord, which float in the fluid.

How does CSF nourish the brain and spinal cord?

It supplies oxygen and glucose.

What does CSF carry?

Neurotransmitters, including monoamines, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides.

Olfactory (I) relation to brain

Cerebrum

Optic (II) relation to brain

Diencephalon

Trochlear (IV) relation to brain

Mesencephalon

Oculomotor (III) relation to brain

Mesencephalon

Trigeminal (V) relation to brain

Pons

Abducens (VI) relation to brain

Pons

Facial (VII) relation to brain

Pons

Vestibulocochlear (Acoustic) (VIII) relation to brain

Pons

Glossopharyngeal (IX) relation to brain

Medulla

Vagus (X) relation to brain

Medulla

Accessory (XI) relation to brain

Medulla

Hypoglossal (XII) relation to brain

Medulla