Lab Exam 1 for A&P2

Endocrine glands (purely endocrine function)

anterior pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids

Endocrine organs (mixed function)

pancreas, hypothalamus, gonads, thymus

Anterior Pituitary Gland

“master endocrine gland” (GH,PRL,ACTH,TSH,FSH,LH)

Posterior Pituitary Gland

labor and blood pressure (oxytocin and ADH)

Thyroid

metabolism and calcium levels (T4, T3, calcitonin, PTH)

Adrenal Cortex

long-term stress (aldosterone, cortisol, androgens)

Adrenal Medulla

short-term stress (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Pancreas

blood sugar (insulin and glucagon)

Pineal Gland

circadian cells (melatonin)

Thymus

immune (thymosin)

Ovaries and Testes

puberty and reproduction (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

What is structure #3?

thyroid follicle

What is structure #1?

follicular cells (secretes TH like T3 and T4)

What is structure #2?

parafollicular cells (secretes calcitonin)

What is #2?

acinar cells

What is #1?

pancreatic islet (contains alpha and beta cells)

What is #1?

Pars nervosa (neurohypophysis)- nervous tissue, posterior pituitary gland, releases ADH and oxytocin from hypothalamus

What is #2?

Pars intermedia (between 2 parts of pituitary, may not be visible) – produces melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and ACTH

What is #3?

Pars distalis (adenohypophysis) - glandular tissue, anterior pituitary gland, produces GH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH

What histology is this?

anterior pituitary histology

What histology is this?

posterior pituitary histology

The structure at the tip of the pointer in microscope #1 produces:

insulin and glucagon

The structure at the tip of the pointer in microscope #2 produces:

thyroid hormone

Identify the structure labelled “3”

parathyroid hormone

Describe the function of the structure labelled “4”

produces thyroid stimulating hormone

Which one of the following glands is purely endocrine?

thyroid gland

Identify the structure labelled “6”

ovary

Describe the function of the structure labelled “6”

produces estrogen

Plasma

non-living liquid (55% of blood)

Formed elements

include leukocytes and erythrocytes (~45% of blood)

Plasma contains:

albumin, fibrinogen, globulins,

Albumin

major plasma protein used for osmotic balance

Fibrinogen

precursor protein for clotting

Globulins

liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection.

Buffy coat

white blood cells and platelets, less than 1% of blood

Erythrocytes

red blood cells, approximately 44% of blood, responsible for oxygen transport

What leukocyte is this?

neutrophil: fighting bacterial infections

What leukocyte is this?

lymphocytes: immune response to infections

What leukocyte is this?

monocytes: large phagocytic cells

What leukocyte is this?

eosinophils: parasitic infections

What leukocyte is this?

basophils: release histamine and heparin; involved in inflammatory response

Antigens

are protein labels that are located on the red blood cells.

Antibodies

are the “recognizer” proteins that are located in blood plasma.

If a patient with type B blood receive a transfusion of AB blood, which of the following would occur?

The patient’s anti-A antibodies (agglutinins) will agglutinate with the A antigens (antigultinogens) in the donor blood

When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood type is

O

Would you expect the hematocrit level in anemic patients to be:

low

Pericardial sac

connective tissue sac external to epicardium

Epicardium

connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Myocardium

cardiac muscle, contractile tissue of the heart

Endocardium

epithelial layer that lines the chambers and valves

Tricuspid valve (Right AV)

prevents backflow of blood into right atrium

Pulmonary semilunar valve

prevents backflow of blood into right ventricle

Bicuspid valve (Left AV)

prevents backflow of blood into left atrium

Aortic semilunar valve

prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle

Coronary arteries

branch from aorta, supply oxygenated blood to heart when heart is relaxed

Cardiac veins

return deoxygenated blood to right atrium for recirculation

Structure “A” is best described as:

Posterior pituitary

Structure “B” is best described as:

PTH

The adrenal medulla is responsible for which of the following?

short term stress (fight or flight)

A person with O+ blood would be able to accept blood from with of the following donors?

O+ and O- only

Your blood type is B-, which of the following antibodies do you have in your body plasma?

anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies

which of the following is a function of platelets?

blood coagulation

Structure “A” is best described as:

fossa ovalis

The pathway of blood from the right ventricle to the left ventricle

R ventricle → Pulmonary SL valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → Latrium
→ bicuspid valve → L ventricle

Structure “B” is best described as:

circumflex artery

the muscular layer of the heart that actually contracts is called:

myocardium

Structure “C” is best described as:

Testis

The posterior pituitary releases which of the following hormones? Select all that apply

oxytocin and ADH

Structure B is called:

acinus

Structure A is called

pancreatic islet

Which of the following best describes the function of growth hormone?

Regulates tissue building of muscles and bones

Structure "F" releases which of the following hormones?

Insulin

Letter C in the image below is indicating

Inferior vena cava

Letter B in the image below is indicating:

aorta

Structure "A" is:

superior vena cava

Structure "D" is:

great cardiac vein

Structure "C" is:

right auricle

Letter "F" in the image below is indicating which of the following structures?

Chordae tendinae

Which letter on the image below is indicating the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Which letter on the image below is indicating the mitral valve?

E

Letter "D" in the image below is indicating which of the following structures?

rabeculae carneae

Structure "A" is:

Chordae tendinae of bicuspid valve

Structure "D" is:

Interventricular septum

Structure "C" is:

Papillary muscle of bicuspid valve

Cell "A" can do which of the following?

Produce antibodies

Which of the following is a function of cell "C" in the image below?

Oxygen transport to tissues

Cell "A" is best described as:

A lymphocyte

Cell "B" is a/an:

lymphocyte

Cell "D" is best described as:

neutrophil

Cell "A" is a/an:

Lymphocyte

The structures marked "B" are:

platelets

Cell "E" is best described as:

An erythrocyte

T or F: Someone with O- (O negative) blood would be able to safely donate to anyone.

True

If your blood type is AB+, which of the following is true of your blood?

Your blood plasma does not contain antibodies against A, B, or Rh.