Ap Human geo vocab 2

Anti-natalist

A belief or policy that encourages people to have fewer children to slow population growth.

Baby boom

A period when the number of births increases significantly. The term often refers to the large number of births after World War II.

Baby bust

A period when birth rates decrease, resulting in fewer babies being born.

Birth deficit

When the number of births is lower than the number of deaths in a population, causing natural population decline.

Brain drain

The movement of educated or highly skilled people from one place to another, often to find better jobs or opportunities.

Carrying capacity

The largest population an environment can support over time with its available resources.

Contraception

Methods used to prevent pregnancy.

CBR

Crude Birth Rate. The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.

CDR

Crude Death Rate. The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Demographer

A person who studies human populations, including their size, age, growth, and distribution.

DTM

Demographic Transition Model. A model showing how birth rates, death rates, and population growth change as a country develops economically.

Fertility

The actual production of children by a population.

Mortality

The occurrence of deaths in a population.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another, usually to live there temporarily or permanently.

Dependency ratio

A comparison of the dependent population (usually children and older adults) to the working-age population.

Doubling time

The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size at its current growth rate.

Emigrate

To leave your country or place of residence to live somewhere else.

ETM

Epidemiological Transition Model. A model showing how the main causes of illness and death change as a country develops, often from infectious diseases toward chronic diseases.

Refugee

A person who leaves their country because of persecution, war, or serious danger and needs protection.

IDP

Internally displaced person. Someone forced to leave their home because of conflict, violence, or disaster but who remains within their own country.

Asylum seeker

A person who asks another country for protection because they fear persecution or danger in their home country, but whose claim has not yet been decided.

Immigrate

To enter a country or place to live there.

Immigration quota

A limit set by a government on the number of immigrants allowed into a country or a particular immigration category.

IMR

Infant Mortality Rate. The number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births in a year.

Intervening obstacles

Barriers that make migration more difficult, such as cost, distance, mountains, or immigration restrictions.

Intervening opportunities

Attractive opportunities closer to a person's starting point that may cause them to settle there instead of continuing to a farther destination.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live under current mortality conditions.

Malthusian theory

Thomas Malthus's idea that population can grow faster than food production, potentially leading to shortages, famine, and other crises.

Migration flow

The movement of people between a particular origin and destination.

Neo-Malthusian theory

The modern view that rapid population growth can put pressure on resources and the environment, especially when consumption is high.

Net migration rate

The difference between the number of immigrants entering a place and emigrants leaving it, usually measured per 1,000 people per year.

Population decline

A decrease in the total number of people living in an area over time.

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable (farmable) land.

Population density

The total number of people divided by the total land area of a place.

Physiological density

The total population divided by the amount of arable (farmable) land.

Population distribution

The way people are spread out across an area or around the world.

Population growth

An increase in the number of people living in an area over time.

Population pyramid

A graph that shows the age and sex distribution of a population, usually using horizontal bars.

Pro-natalist

A belief or government policy that encourages people to have more children to increase birth rates.

Pull factors

Positive conditions that attract people to a new place, such as jobs, safety, or better education.

Push factors

Negative conditions that cause people to leave a place, such as war, unemployment, poverty, or natural disasters.

RNI

Rate of Natural Increase. The rate at which a population grows from births minus deaths, excluding migration. It is usually expressed as a percentage.

Ravenstein's laws of migration

A set of ideas explaining migration patterns, including that many migrants travel short distances and that economic opportunities often motivate migration.

Remittances

Money that migrants send back to family members or communities in their home country.

Selective immigration

An immigration policy that favors certain immigrants based on characteristics such as education, skills, work experience, or family connections.

TFR

Total Fertility Rate. The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime based on current fertility rates.

Unauthorized immigrant

A person living in a country without the immigration status or authorization required by that country.

Transnational migration

Migration in which people maintain connections, relationships, or activities across national borders while living in another country.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock and the people who care for them between different grazing areas.

Internal migration

The movement of people from the countryside to cities, often to find jobs, education, or other opportunities.

chain migration

Migration in which people follow family members, friends, or others from their community who have already moved to a destination.

Step migration

Migration that happens in stages, such as moving from a small village to a town, then to a city.

Guest worker

A person who moves to another country temporarily to work, usually through a work program or agreement.

Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from the countryside to cities, often to find jobs, education, or other opportunities.