Chapter 3 Macromolecules -rough draft- adjusted one soon -

BIO 101 stuff

Monomer

Small, Simple building blocks - make up polymer-

Polymer

Large structures made of many monomers linked together

Anabolism

Building up complex molecules -energy required-

Catabolism

Breaking don complex molecules -release energy-

Dehydration Synthesis

Building a polymer by removing water -one molecule of water released per bond formation-

Hydrolysis

Breaking down a polymer by adding water -used in digestion-

Enzyme & Energy

Required for both dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis to occur in cells

Carbs - Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen -CH2O-

Carbs - Disaccharides

Two sugars joined by Glycosidic linkage -Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose; Lactose = Glucose + Galactose-

Polysaccharides - Starch

Plant Energy Storage

Polysaccharides - Glycogen

Animal energy storage -Branched-

Polysaccharides - Cellulose

Plant structural support -contain amino groups-

Polysaccharides - Chitin

Insect/Fungal structural support -also contain amino groups-

Polysaccharides - Peptidoglycans

Bacterial cell walls

Lipids - Shared Property

All are insoluble/hydrophobic

Carbs - Monosaccharides

Singles sugars -Glucose, Fructose, Galactose- -C6H12O6-

Lipids - Triglycerides

Formed by 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids -linked via dehydration synthesis-

Lipids - Saturated Fats

No double bonds, maximum hydrogens, solid at room temp -source: animals-

Lipids - Unsaturated Fats

Have double bonds(kinks), liquid at room temp -source: plants-

Lipids - Phospholipids

Make up cell membranes -Hydrohillic heads, Hydrophobic tails form bilayer-

Lipids - Steriods

Have 4 fused carbon rings; Cholesterol is a precursor for hormones like testosterone/estrogen

Lipids - Waxes

Water repelling protection (on leaves, and feathers)

Nucleic Acids - Monomer: Nucleotide

5 Carbon sugar + Phosphate group + Nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids - DNA

Double stranded, uses Deoxyribose sugar and Thymine (T). Strands are ati-parallel and held together by hydrogen bonds

Nucleic Acids - RNA

Single Stranded, uses Ribose sugar and Uracil (U). Essential for protein synthesis

Nucleic Acids - ATP

Modified RNA nucleotide (Ribose + Adenine + 3 Phosphates). Removing the terminal phosphate forms ADP and release energy

Proteins - Monomer: Amino Acids

(Comes from the R group). Linked by peptide bonds

Proteins - Primary Level

Sequence of Amino Acids

Proteins - Secondary Level

Alpha helices and beta sheets (held by hydrogen bonds).

Proteins - Tertiary Level

3d Shape (Held by variety of bonds between R groups). Denaturation is the loss of this shape

Proteins - Quaternary Level

Multiple polypeptide chains (Hemoglobin). Not all proteins have this level*