Disease Considerations

What IS disease?

Any deviation from the normal state of health

Host Factors

• Age

• Vaccination Status

• Immune status

• stress

• physical condition

• pharmacological immunosuppression

• Genetics

Agent Factors

• Virulence (Pathenogenicity)

• Extent of exposure

• route of exposure

Vivulence

Degree of disease causing ability

Environmental Factors (4)

•Population Density

•Animal Interchange

•Sanitation 

•Temperature and humidity

What are the three options when encountering with a microorganism?

•Immune response

•Asymptomatic carriers

•Develop the illness

Characteristics

General guidelines about the disease

Incubation Period

The period between infection and the appearance of signs of a disease

Clinical Signs

•Objective evidence of disease

(EX: PU/PD -Polyuria/Polydipsia)

Symptoms

Subjective complaints of disease by the “patient”/owner

Diagnosis

Recognition or identification of a disease or abnormality

Anemia

• A condition in which the blood is deficient in hemoglobin or RBC’s or both.

• Characterized by:

-Paleness of the skin and mucus membranes

-Loss of energy

-Palpitation of the heart

Syndrome

Set of signs characteristic of a particular disease

Virulent (virulence)

Highly Infective

Morbidity

number of animals that become infected but survive

(High: Kennel cough; Low- rabies)

Mortality

number of deaths

(High: rabies, low kennel cough)

Immunity

The body's ability to resist disease.

Antibody

• substance developed or synthesized by lymphocytes in response to an antigenic response

• antigen elicits production of a specific antibody

(Y-shaped)

five classes of immunoglobulins & Which are found in domestic animals?

• IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE

• 
  

• IgG, IgM and IgA - found in animals

Antigen

•A substance, usually a protein, on the surface of a cell or bacterium that stimulates the production of an antibody

Passive Immunity

Transmission of pre-formed antibodies taken from one animal and put into another animal. (Temporary—colostrum)

Active Immunity

Animal’s immune system is stimulated with a specific agent and produces it’s own antibodies

Series of Vaccinations (4)

• Starts approx. @ 6-8 wks (EXCEPTIONS)

• 2-3 week intervals

• Ending at approx. 16 wks

• Yearly boosters thereafter

Vaccine Side effects (3)

- depression 1-2 days out
- inflamed vaccination site
- allergic reactions (abscesses, allergic reactions, vaccine induced sarcoma)

Humoral immunity

• Antibodies are produced against a particular infection

• Take longer to build up the antibodies (~14days)

Cell-mediated immunity

• T-lymphocytes (bind to antigens) and macrophages (engulf and destroy)

• Quicker to respond (~3-6 days)

Bodies response to a vaccine:

• 1st exposure: Cell-mediated: takes 3-6 days to be ready to combat (longer if stressed)

-Humoral: 14 days to reach optimal functio

IgA Immune response (Canine Antigens) (4)

•Bordetella

•Parainfluenza

•Adenovirus Type 2

•Canine coronavirus

IgG Immune response (Canine Antigens) (4)

•Canine distemper

•Canine hepatitis

•Canine parvovirus

•Rabies

Core Vaccines

• Recommended for all animals of the species

• Rabies, DHPP, FVRCP

Non-Core Vaccines

• Administered depending on the risk of exposure and infection

• Bordetella, Influenza, Feline Leukemia

Feline Core Vaccines (4)

•Rabies

•Panleukopenia

•Rhinotracheitis

•Calicivirus

Canine Core Vaccines (5)

•Rabies

•Distemper

•Parvovirus

•Adenovirus-Type 2

•Leptospirosis

Killed Vaccines

Inactivated type of vaccine

rabies

Modified-Live

•Attenuated

•a vaccine prepared from live microorganisms or viruses cultured under adverse conditions - loss of their virulence but retention of their ability to induce protective immunity.

• Feline Herpesvirus/Calicivirus

Recombinant

Subunit, gene-deleted, virus vectored

Monovalent

• Just to one pathogen

• Individually tailored protocol

• rabies vaccine

Polyvalent

- more than one pathogen simultaneously
- fewer injections
- if there was a reaction, what component caused it?
- FVRCP, DHLPP

Antigen

• substance, usually a protein, on the surface of a cell or bacterium that stimulates the production of an antibody

Artificially Acquired Immunity

- active: vaccine
- passive: injection of immune serum

Naturally Acquired Immunity (2)

- active: contact with pathogen
- passive: colostrum from mom

Maternal Antibodies

- colostrum
- vaccinating too soon = MAb will keep body from recognizing the vax

Rabies vaccination location

given in right rear