Reformation Ideas and People

Indulgence

Pardon, less punishment time a soul faces for sins (can extend to deceased family members)

Martin Luther

Monk who attempts to lead a holy life but feels disillusioned by the church and posts 95 Theses that results in the Protestant movement

95 Theses

Arguments made against indulgences

Charles V

Rejected Luther’s doctrines. Protestant upheaval made Charles give up the throne, dividing the empire between his brother and son

John Calvin

Influenced by Philosophy and Erasmus, conceptualizes predestination (fate is predcided)

Peace of Augsburg

Charles V tried to get Lutheran princes to the Catholic Church after a number of small wars; Charles V and the princes reached a settlement. The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555 and allowed princes to decide the religion that would be followed in their land

Henry VIII

Second Tudor king, very involved in wars (lost favor from people), desire for a male heir broke up his relationship w/ the Roman Catholic Church and formed the Church of England

Mary Tudor

First queen to rule England. Failed to turn back the protestants so she persecuted them

Elizabeth I

Though it was hard at first, Elizabeth used her experiences to become a powerful monarch- England prospered economically and culturally and handled religious conflicts well

Council of Trent

Group of council leaders that met b/w 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct future of Catholic Church

Ignatius of Loyola

Read a book and decided that God was more important and studied, preached, and did missionary work and founded the Society of Jesus

Castiglione

Defined the manners/virtues that court members should have

Men: A man should master a perfect blend of physical, intellectual, and social excellence without ever looking like he is trying too hard

Women: Beautiful, graceful, and kind

Machiavelli

Diplomat (Florence), observed royalty, studied ancient Roman history, realistic political outlook

Flanders

Region w/ France, Belgium, and Netherlands - center of trade for Northern Europe

Jan van Eyck

Good at realism (art), developed techniques for oil paint methods for vibrant colors

Pieter Bruegel

Made works in religious, classical themes, and vibrant colors on peasant art

Albrecht Durer

Went to Italy several times ot study techniques of Italian masters and used new methods in his paintings

Erasmus (Priest)

Used his knowledge of classical languages to make a new Greek edition of the New Testament and an improved Latin translation

Sir Thomas More

Pressed for social/economic reforms, his book, Utopia, depicted gender equality, removal of private property, education, and the end of crime

Johannes Gutenberg

Printed complete version of the Bible developed on his own