Zoology Combined Set Exam 2

You are ________ if the blastopore forms a mouth.

protostomia

You are ______ is the blastopore forms an anus.

deuterostomia

For phylum Acoelomorpha the _____ of epidermal cilia form interconnecting networks.

rootlets

Which phylum is characterized by bilateral symmetry, a body flattened dorsoventrally, and has an anterior concentration of nerve cells?

phylum acoelomorpha

How are the nerve cords arranged in phylum acoelomorpha?

radially

How does the phylum acoelomorpha asexually reproduce?

asexually by fragmentation

True or False Acoelomorpha have both excretory and respiratory systems.

false has neither an excretory or respiratory system.

Which phylum are the real flatworms?

phylum platyhelminthes

Which organism are described

-cellular, ciliated epidermis,

-rhabdites,

-dual gland adhesive organs

turbellarians

Which type of flatworm has a syncytial tegument as a covering?

parasitic flatworms

Which organ in platyhelminthes is the simple waste excretion and osmoregulation organ?

protonephridia

How is most wastes excreted in platyhelminthes?

across the body wall

Flagella draw fluid through the _____, which acts as a collecting net for particles.

weir

Protonephridia have a unique cell, the ____ cell that shaped like a cup with a tuft of flagella.

flame cell

In platyhelminthes which structure serves as the photosensitive eyespots?

ocelli

What are statocysts used for?

equilibrium

What are rheoreceptors used for?

sensing water currents.

How do the senses of platyhelminthes compare to those of the cnidarians?

much more developed

Which class of platyhelminthes is described, mostly free living worms,

-creep along that use muscles and cilia to move.

class turbellaria

Which class are the flukes?

class trematoda

Describe the digenean life cycle for Clonorchis:

1. shelled embryo or larvae excreted to water.

2. miracidium.

3. sporocyst. make rediae make cercariae.

4. juveniles eaten by host, mature, repeat cycle.

Which species is the human liver fluke?

clonorchis

Describe the Digenean reproductive cycle of schistosoma:

1. eggs discharge in human waste. if into water hatch as ciliated miracidia

2. miracidia get into snails

-make sporocysts, give rise to cercariae, no rediae.

3. cercariae swim til contact human skin.

4. find liver live happily ever after.

Which species is the blood fluke?

schistosoma

Which species are the lung flukes?

paragonimus.

Describe the life cycle of the lung fluke:

1. eggs coughed swallowed eliminated through poop.

2. zygotes develop in water.

3. miracidium finds snails, then rediae, then cercariae.

4. cercariae shed into water ingested by crabs,

5. metacercaria develop in crabs.

Which class is all parasites, usually on gills of fish, not terrible for host, have a direct life cycle.

class monogenea

Describe the life cycle of the class monogenean:

egg makes ciliated larvae, hooks to host.

What is the term for the ciliated larvae of class monogenean?

oncomiracidium

What is the term for the structure class monogenean uses to hook on hosts on the posterior end.

opisthaptor

Which class are the tapeworms?

class cestoda

tapeworms are covered in______.

microtriches

What is the term for the tapeworm's repeating reproductive segments?

proglottids

What is the term for a chain of proglottids?

strobila

What is the term for the front end of tape worms?

scolex

Turbellaria __________ in current form

paraphyletic

Which hypothesis is described:

one branch becomes radially/biradially symmetrical and becomes cnidaria, other branch becomes bilaterally symmetrical and becomes platyhelmineths

planuloid ancestor hypothesis.

Which phylum is the "missing link" between the protozoa and the metazoan?

phylum mesozoa

Most mesozoans are only __-___ cells in 2 layers.

20-30

What are the 2 groups of mesozoa?

rhombozoan and orthonectids

What is the life cycle of a rhombozoan:

vermiform adults asexually make larvae that grow and sexually reproduce under crowded condition.

How are rhombozoans larvae shed?

in hosts urine into water

What is the life cycle of orthonectids?

life cycle sexual and asexual phases, asexual phase is known as a plasmodium, which divides to form distinct males and females.

Which phylum are thread or ribbon shaped, bilaterally symmetrical worms that can be several meters in length?

phylum nemertea

What is a characteristic that is unique to nemerteans?

eversible proboscis

Describe the symmetry of Nemerteans:

bilaterally symmetrical, cylindrical anteriorly, and flattened posteriorly.

Nemerteans have a true coelomic cavity called a?

rhyncocoel

Which phylum has a four lobed brain?

phylum nemertea

What kind of larvae does the nemerteans have?

pilidium larvae.

Describe the vascular system of nemerteans?

blood vascular system.

What do ALL Cnidaria have?

cnidocytes

What are specialized organelles that require slight stimulation to fire a chemical projectile containing toxin?

nematocysts

Which phylum has the longest fossil history of any animal?

phylum cnidaria

What is the fastest animal motion recorded?

nematocysts shooting out

What is the preferred environment for cnidarians?

shallow, warm water.

Which symbiotic relation is where both individuals benefit?

mutualism

Which symbiotic relationship is where one individual benefits, and one experiences no effect?

commensalism

Which symbiotic relationship is where one individual benefits, the other experiences a loss?

parasitism

Coral reefs are the most diverse aquatic ecosystem it is ____% of all marine species.

50%

Cnidarians are _____blastic with _____.

diploblastic with mesoglea

Is cnidarian's digestion intercellular or extracellular?

extracellular

Describe the nervous system of cnidarians?

simple nerve net.

What distinct life stage do most coral spend the majority of their lives in?

polyps

Which life stage do jellyfish spend the majority of their lives in?

medusa

How do polyps reproduce?

asexually by budding, fission or pedal laceration.

Which type of symmetry do medusae exhibit?

tetramerous

Which structure in medusae is for orientation?

statocysts

Which structures in medusae are for light reception?

ocelli

How do polyps reproduce differently from medusae?

polyps reproduces asexually, medusae reproduces sexually

What are some reasons that some cnidarians spend all their time in the polyp stage and some all their time in the medusae stage?

phylogenetic constraint, true loss of character state, and it is all based on niches.

What are the body walls in cnidarians?

outer epidermis, inner gastrodermis and the mesoglea in between.

True or False cnidarians have true muscle cells?

false cnidarians have no true muscle cells.

Mesoglea which covers the body is the thickest in the ______, and the thinnest in the _____.

thickest in the stalk, thinnest in the tentacles.

What job does the mesoglea fill?

gives support through hydrostatic pressure so it acts like an elastic skeleton,

What is the "jelly" in a jellyfish?

mesoglea

During development what is the cnidocyte called?

cnidoblast

What happens after the cnidae (organelles) are discharged?

the cell is then resorbed

What is the lid that covers the nematocyst?

operculum

How does the chitin like nematocyst operate?

using hydrostatic pressure differences

What is the trigger of the cnidocytes?

cnidocil, a modified cilium

What is the end of "mouth" or mouth tube called in cnidarians?

manubrium

How do corals usually supplement their diet?

with symbiotic algae

Does the nerve net of cnidarians contain myelin?

no it doesn't contain any myelin

Describe the transmission in the nerve net of cnidarians?

two way transmission

Though there is no centralization in cnidarians, some may have rhopalia which are?

clusters of sensory cells, precursors to centralization

In the polyp stage of class hydrozoa which terms is for the base like a root?

hydrorhiza

What is the term for covered polyps?

thecate

What is the term for naked polyps?

athecate

In the medusa form of class hydrozoa what is the term for the margin of the bell that projects inward?

velum

In medusas of class hydrozoa what is the developmental layer from ectoderm that is unique to hydrozoa?

entocodon

What does entocodon differentiate into?

muscles

Where do the Hydra sp. live?

underside of aquatic leaves

Which species is described as a slender stalk with tentacles at one end and a basal disc for attachment?

hydra sp.

For the hydra what is the term for the conelike structure which the mouth is on top of?

hypostome

In Hydra which cells secrete the adhesive that allows the organism to attach, and are found around the foot?

gland cells

In Hydra which cells are for covering and contraction?

epitheliomusclar cells

What structure does the man o' war use for floatation?

pneumatophore

What is the term for the man-o-war's fishing tentacles?

dactylozooids

Which class of cnidarians contains most of the jellyfish?

class scyphozoa

Which cnidarian class is describe, no velum, margin of umbrella is scalloped with lappets, and has rhopalia between the lappets?

class scyphozoa