ch 13 14 things i need to study

The cerebrum performs what processes? (4)

intellect, memory storage/processing, conscious thought, control of skeletal muscle

The cerebellum’s function is the coordination of

motor commands (balance)

capillary beds in ventricles that produce CSF are called

Choroid Plexus

The Blood Brain Barrier is formed by:

astrocytes

some areas do not have a blood brain barrier, an example is the

emetic center in the medulla (helps detect toxins)

What are the three parts of the Diencephalon and what do they do?

1.) Epithalamus (contains pineal gland which produces melatonin for maintaining circadian rhythms

2.) Thalamus (acts as a filter and relay station for sensation information) (relays sensory info to the correct place and filters out unnecessary info so the brain doesn’t get overwhelmed)

3.) Hypothalamus (part of 2 body systems the nervous/endocrine and it is stimulated by - sensory info from other parts of the brain. changes in chemical composition of CSF, - changes in chemical composition of blood. Its functions include : regulates body temperature, hormone secretion, and thirst/feeding

The reticular formation contains an area called the

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

These are networks of neurons that are spread out over multiple brain regions

Functional Groups

Contains all nerve tracts that pass between the brain and spinal Cord

Medulla Oblongata

The medulla oblongata contains autonomic centers that control vital functions (remember its part of the brain stem). these centers are ((3)

1.) cardiac center

2.) vasomotor center

3.) respiratory rhythmicity centers

This is when some fibers cross from one side to the other as they pass through

Decussation

The most complex part of the brain stem is the

midbrain

The midbrain contains 3 important sections of input which are:

1) corpora quadrigemina (2 pairs of sensory nuclei

2.) Superior colliculi (processes visual input)

3.) Inferior colliculi (processes auditory input)

This is the lack or disturbance of muscular coordination (it can result from trauma, drugs/alcohol, or a stroke)

Ataxia

small masses of gray matter in the core of each cerebral hemisphere, which provide subconscious control of skeletal muscles and help coordinate learned movement patterns

Basal ganglia/nuclei

the mapping of functions to specific areas (not precise)

Homunculus

there are 5 lobes (4 of which are visible, one of which is not) what are they?

1.) Frontal Lobe

2.) Parietal Lobe

3.) Temporal Lobe

4.) Occipital Lobe

5.) Insula Lobe

The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the

Central Sulcus

Just anterior to the central sulcus, this contains the primary motor cortex and controls voluntary movement

precentral gyrus

just posterior to the central sulcus, contains primary sensory cortex, receives sensory information

postcentral gyrus

what cortex is responsible for learned voluntary movements?

motor cortex

(blank) areas issue commands

motor areas

(blank) areas receive and interpret sensory info and there are 5 of these areas what are they?

sensory areas

1.) Sensory cortex (receives input from tactile receptors)

2.) Gustatory cortex (taste)

3.) olfactory cortex (smell)

4.) auditory cortex (hearing)

5.) visual cortex (vision)

(blank) areas perform complex functions

what are these four areas?

Integrative areas

1.) general interpretive area (located in left hemisphere, receives info from all sensory cortex areas, accesses visual and auditory memories)

2.) speech center (regulates breathing patterns and vocalizations)

3.) frontal eye field (controls eye movements, like scanning text)

4.) prefrontal cortex (performs abstract intellectual functions, example - predicting consequences of actions)

white matter forms connections between different brain areas. Which fiber is this:

connects 2 areas of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere

association fibers

white matter forms connections between different brain areas. Which fiber is this:

connects 2 areas of the cerebral cortex in different hemispheres

commissure fibers

white matter forms connections between different brain areas. Which fiber is this:

connects an area of the cerebral cortex with a lower CNS area (diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord)

Projection fibers

the area monitored by a single receptor is the

receptive field

what are the 7 events that occur along sensory and motor pathways:

1.) depolarization of receptor

2.) generation of an action potential

3.) propagation of signal along sensory nerve

4.) CNS processing

5.) perception of sensation

6.) propagation of signal along motor nerve

7.) response by effector

the dendrites of sensory neurons are

free nerve endings

(blankceptors) have type a fibers for what type of pain and type c fibers for what type of pain?

Nociceptors

the receptor that senses temperature

thermoreceptors

the receptor that senses chemical levels (such as in brain and blood vessels to monitor body fluids)

chemoreceptors

the 3 types of mechanoreceptors are:

1.) Proprioceptors (located in muscles and joints; monitor body position)

2.) Baroreceptors (sense changes in pressure, ex: baroreceptors in blood vessels monitor blood pressure)

3.) Tactile receptors (many types of touch receptors in skin)

These types of receptors are always active (do not adapt) and they monitor stimuli like pain and stretch

Tonic receptors

These types of receptors are only active in response to new stimuli (adapt), they monitor stimuli that can be “tuned" out”

phasic receptors

this is the reduction in sensitivity to a constant stimulus

adaptation

the cerebral cortex plans (m) and lower brain areas (c )

cerebral cortex plans movements

lower brain areas coordinate (cerebellum, basal nuclei)

(example: cerebral cortex makes a decision, then sends plans to the cerebellum and basal nuclei, during the movement, actions are modified by the cerebellum and basal nuclei, any damage to the motor cortex would cause loss of control of skeletal muscles

areas involved with reflex movement

midbrain - moves head in response to sights and sounds

brain stem - adjusts heart rate, blood pressure, breathing

spinal cord - integrates simple reflexes

sensing pain in an area of the body other than the actual origin of pain

referred pain

what is the degenerative brain disorder where

• basal nuclei are affected, neurons don’t release enough dopamine

• movements become stiff and uncoordinated

• is treated with L-dopa drug to raise dopamine levels

• also associated with memory loss

Parkinson’s disease

this brain disease is caused by the buildup of Tau protein which causes plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

• nervee connections are destroyed

• can only be definitively diagnosed after death

• new data suggest lithium may reverse cognitive decline

Alzheimer’s disease

this brain disorder is a dominant genetic disorder (only need 1 copy of the gene)

It also causes jerky muscle movements, shaking called what?

Huntington’s disease

Chorea

usually caused by brain damage before or during birth, affects use of muscles, varying degrees of severity

cerebral palsy

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affects motor neurons and causes an inability to breathe and swallow. It is also called what?

Lou Gehrig’s disease

this brain disorder is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys myelin sheath of neurons and slows and in some causes stops nervous impulse transmission

multiple sclerosis

this spinal cord disease is when the polio virus infects motor neurons

poliomyelitis

this type of paralysis is where the lower body is paralyzed

paraplegia

this type of paralysis is when the upper and lower limbs are paralyzed

quadriplegia

removal of sections of brain tissue

lobotomy

holes are drilled into the skull to relieve pressure on the brain (one of the oldest surgical procedures, dating back to 10,000 BC

Trepanation