Business exam season

What is human resource management?

the organisation of employees' roles, pay and working conditions

How does HR benefit businesses?

It enables a business to retain employees as it promotes high levels of motivation and job satisfaction among staff

What is motivation?

The willingness of a person to expand their energy and effort in doing a job or task

List all the motivation theories

Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs, Lawrence & Nohria's 4 Drive Theory, Locke & Latham's Goal Setting Theory

What is 4 Drive Theory?

Drive to bond, drive to acquire, drive to learn, drive to defend

• of 4 Drive

can all be attained at once, and not rescrited to an order

of 4 drive

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self

• of Maslows

helps managers determine which level of the hierarchy is motivating an employee, thus allowing them to introduce targeted strategies specific to that employee

of Maslows

What is Locke & Latham's Goal Setting Theory?

Employees are motivated by clear goals that must include the 5 principles of clarity, challenge, task complexity, feedback and commitment

• of goal setting

Employees are more motivated to complete tasks if work goals align with their personal interests

of goal setting

Similarities between Maslow's and Goal setting

Both recognise that personal gain is a factor that can motivate employees, and both recognise the importance of feedback

Differences between Maslow's and Goal setting

Maslow's hierarchy fulfils one need at a time in order, whereas goal setting can be done at the same time, and Maslow's can be applied by the manager, whereas goal setting requires employee input

Similarities between Maslow's and 4 drive

Both suggest employees are motivated by the desire to feel a sense of belonging through the drive to bond and social needs, and both suggest that employees are motivated by the desire to improve their knowledge through the drive to learn and self

Differences between Maslow's and 4 drive

Maslow's hierarchy fulfils one need at a time, whereas 4 drive is done in no particular order

Similarities between 4 drive and goal setting

Both recognise that employees are motivated to achieve success, and both have multiple factors

Differences between 4 drive and goal setting

Goal setting involves employee input, whereas 4 drive is applied by the manager alone, and goal setting is motivated by intrinsic factors, whereas 4 drive is also extrinsic

What are the 5 motivation strategies?

Performance

What is career advancement?

The upwards progression of an employee's job position allowing them to take on new responsibilities and tasks

What is investment in training?

Allocating resources to improve employee skills and knowledge

What is support?

Providing employees with any assistance that improves their satisfaction at work

What is scantion?

Penalising employees for poor performance

• of performance related pay

Employees are motivated quickly and can be used to motivate multiple employees at once

of performance related pay

• of career advancement

employees feel valued when promoted, and promoting employees within the business is cheaper

of career advancement

• of support strat

staff are less likely to leave when feeling supported, and problems are dealt with quickly before they escalate, saving time

of support strat

• of investment in training

Employees experience job satisfaction as they can perform their roles better, and they can complete said tasks quicker due to the gained knowledge

of investment in training

• of scantion strat

motivates employees immediately to avoid punishment, and has no cost invovled

of scantion strat

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effects of sanction strat on long term motivation

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effects of support strat on long term motivation

• effects of investment in training on long term motivation

Employees may be constantly motivated as they feel valued by the business when they are provided with opportunities to develop their skills

effects of investment in training on long term motivation

• effects of career advancement on long term motivation

Employees May be motivated by ongoing opportunities to be promoted

effects of career advancement on long term motivation

• effects of performance related pay on long term motivation

With a history of rewards for high performance, employees are more likely to be motivated by the expectation of a reward

effects of performance related pay on long term motivation

• effects of sanction strat on short term motivation

Employees may be motivated to quickly follow instructions in order to avoid punishment

effects of sanction strat on short term motivation

• effects of support strat on short term motivation

Employees may be motivated by working in a business where their wellbeing is considered and valued

• effects of investment in training on short term motivation

Employees may be motivated in the short term by the opportunity to learn new skills

effects of investment in training on short term motivation

• effects of career advancement on short term motivation

Employees are rapidly motivated if they are taking on more responsibilities

effects of career advancement on short term motivation

• effects of performance related pay on short term motivation

Employees are motivated to improve performance quickly

effects of performance related pay on short term motivation

• of off the job training

Receiving training from professionals can enable employees to gain new knowledge on how to perform their roles to a higher standard

of off the job training

• of on the job training

Individuals who train the staff can develop strong interpersonal relationships and it's also less expensive

of on the job training

What is performance appraisal?

Measures how well an employee has done their job and provides feedback to improve

of management by objectives

• of management by objectives

Employees may gain a sense of achievement if they reach their individual goals, improving motivations, aligning employees objectives with the business overall objectives means that employees are always working toward business goals

Performance management strategies

Management by objectives, Appraisals, Self

Two types of performance appraisals

Comparative and absolute

• of self evaluation

Saves managers time, employees feel empowered to improve their performance, employer gains insight to employees understanding of their own strengths and weaknesses

of self evaluation

What is employee observation?

Is a performance management strategy that gains a broader perspective on the employees performance by using feedback from other people in the business

Explain entitlement considerations

Regardless of whether termination is voluntary or involuntary the employer must provide a detailed statement of the employees termination entitlements

Explain transition considerations

When employees leave the business it can be stressful. Even though businesses aren't legally required to help, providing support is socially responsible and helps maintain a positive workplace culture

What is the FWC role in unfair dismissal?

FWC decides if an employee was dismissed fairly or not, this can be if the reason for dismissal was valid, if the employee was notified and able to respond, or if the employee had been warned before

What is unfair dismissal?

When an employee has been dismissed in a harsh, unjust or unreasonable manner

Explain dismissal

Where an employee is terminated due to unacceptable performance or behaviour

Explain redundancy

Occurs when the employees job no longer exists and has to leave, employers are required to give employees redundancy pay

Explain resignation

Employees telling their manager that they are leaving their job, and a period of knowledge must be given to the employer

What is termination?

What an employee leaves a workplace and ends their relationship with the business, can be voluntary or involuntary

Explain what retirement is

Occurs when the employee decides to permanently leave the paid workforce, important it occurs with support and acknowledgement from the business

Role of employees

Individuals who are hired by a business to complete work tasks and support the achievement of its objectives.

Role of HR managers

Individuals who coordinate the relationship between employees and management within a business

Role of employers associations

Advisory bodies that assist employers in understanding their legal obligations

Role of unions

Organisations made up of individuals who represent and speak on behalf of employees to protect and improve their wages and working conditions

Role of the FWC

Set industry wide minimums for wages and conditions, and Resolve disputes that couldn't be solved at the workplace.

Awards and agreements similarities

Both must uphold requirements of employment as stated through NES

Awards and agreements differences

Employees may not always be represented by their own union in the award process, whereas agreements leave employees better off as there is negotiation between both employers and employees

• of agreements

Can improve employee satisfaction and performance as they receive wages and conditions better than the relevant award, positive relationships may develop in the negotiation process between employers and employees

of agreements

• of awards

FWC insures that all employees receive appropriate wages and conditions of work, awards established the minimum wages for employee employees and can be cost

of awards

What are agreements?

Legal documents that outline the wages and conditions for employees work applicable to a particular business, employees can be represented by their union during negotiations

What are awards?

Awards are legal documents that outlined the minimum wages and conditions for work for employees across an entire industry

of mediation

• of mediation

Less expensive, parties have control over final decision, when parties work together it promotes positive working relationships

Mediation and arbitration similarities

Both require an independent body to be involved to resolving the dispute, both are more formal

Mediation and arbitration differences

Mediation doesn't result in legally binding decision whereas arbitration does, mediation is more informal, the independent party doesn't make the final decision in mediation, whereas they do in arbitration

of arbitration

• of arbitration

Guarantees that the final decision will be made, decision is legally binding

What is arbitration?

Involves an independent third

What is mediation?

Involves a neutral third

Steps to dispute resolution

1. Resolve internally
2. Bring in the third party
3. Use mediation
4. Escalate to arbitration

Define 'leadership in change management'.

The ability to positively influence and motivate employees towards achieving business objectives during a transformation.

Define 'change management'.

The process of implementing strategies that prepare an organisation to undergo a transformation.

Name the three ways a manager can demonstrate leadership in change management.

Building a shared vision, providing ongoing communication, and providing ongoing support.

Define 'staff training' as a management strategy to respond to KPIs.

On

Define 'staff motivation' as a management strategy to respond to KPIs.

Using motivation strategies to improve employees' willingness to expend energy and effort, improving morale, productivity and effectiveness.

What does a 'change in management styles' involve?

A manager altering the way they direct and communicate with employees (e.g. from a more restrictive to a less restrictive style) to respond to KPIs.