Accelerated Biology: Cells

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Nucleus

Stores most of the cell’s DNA and acts as a control center

Nuclear envelope

A double membrane around the nucleus that regulates traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

The fluid-filled region between the nucleus and plasma membrane

Mitochondria

Harvest energy from food molecules

Ribosomes

Build proteins/they can float freely or attach to rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Helps manufacture a variety of cellular products

Golgi apparatus

Receives, refines, sorts, and ships cell products

Vesicles

Membrane-enclosed sacs that store or transport materials

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that supports cell shape and helps movement

Lysosomes

Digestive-enzyme sacs that break down and recycle cell materials

Flagellum

A whip-like structure that propels a cell

Animal cells

have lysosomes but do not have chloroplasts, a cell wall, or a central vacuole

Plant cells

have chloroplasts, a rigid cell wall, and a large central vacuole. Chloroplasts convert light energy into food energy through photosynthesis. The central vacuole stores water and nutrients, while the cell wall supports and protects the cell

Fluid

Molecules can move sideways past one another within the membrane

Mosaic

Many different proteins are scattered among the phospholipids

Cholesterol

Helps maintain membrane fluidity. In cold conditions, it prevents the membrane from becoming too rigid/in warm conditions, it helps keep the membrane from becoming too fluid

Integral proteins

Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer/can act as transport channels, anchors, or enzymes

Peripheral proteins

Loosely attached to the membrane surface/help maintain shape, attach to the cytoskeleton, support cell signaling, or speed chemical reactions

Lipid-anchored proteins

Covalently attached to membrane lipids and important in cell signaling

Glycocalyx

Sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids. These help with protein binding, cell communication, lubrication, and adhesion

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration with help from a transport protein

Endocytosis

The cell brings materials into the cell

Exocytosis

The cell exports materials out of the cell

Hypotonic

Higher water concentration outside the cell - water moves into the cell

Hypertonic

Lower water concentration outside the cell - water moves out of the cell

Isotonic

Equal water concentration inside and outside - there is no net movement of water