EBP Exam 2 Practice Questions

c. Correlational study

What type of research design investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them?

a. Randomized control trial

b. Quasi-experimental study

c. Correlational study

d. Qualitative research study

.d. external validity

Measurement effects are considered to be a threat to which of the following?

a. internal validity

b. accuracy

c. generalizability

d. external validity

b. internal validity

History is considered to be a threat to which of the following?

a. reliability

b. internal validity

c. external validity

d. consistency

d. internal validity

Testing is considered to be a threat to which of the following?

a. stability

b. consistency

c. external validity

d. internal validity

b. external validity

Selection effects are considered to be a threat to which of the following?

a. internal validity

b. external validity

c. precision

d. accuracy

d. internal validity

Instrumentation is considered to be a threat to which of the following?

a. accuracy

b. generalizability

c. external validity

d. internal validity

d. Bias

In quantitative research, control is used to avoid what?

a. Homogeneity

b. Randomization

c. Duplication

d. Bias

c. The review of literature

**The review of the literature, as well as the theoretical framework, informs the researcher of the breadth and depth of available knowledge in the area. Conceptualization of the research question occurs before sample selection.

Objectivity in the conceptualization of the research question is derived from what?

a. A random sample of subjects

b. A control group

c. The review of literature

d. The selection of instruments to be used

b. All aspects of the study logically flow from the research question.

**Identification of gaps of knowledge is one step in establishing objectivity of the research question, not accuracy in the research design. Timing of data collection provides constancy in data collection, not accuracy in research design.

The nurse researcher strives for accuracy in the research design for which purpose?

a. The timing of data collection was the same for each subject.

b. All aspects of the study logically flow from the research question.

c. Gaps in the literature have been identified.

d. All mediating variables have been controlled.

c. Feasibility of the research design

For large experimental studies, conducting a pilot study helps the researcher determine what?

a. Constancy of data collection

b. Degree of internal control over dependent variables

c. Feasibility of the research design

d. Accuracy and objectivity of the design

a. Holding conditions of the study constant

**size of the sample is a concern of generalizability, not control. The dependent variable is not manipulated by the researcher. Having a basis of comparison for experimental subjects is a method of controlling for extraneous variables, but it is not the definition of "control."

The nurse researcher defines control as what?

a. Holding conditions of the study constant

b. Having a basis of comparison for each experimental group of subjects

c. Having a large sample size

d. Manipulating the dependent variable

a. Extraneous

**In order to control extraneous variables, subjects should be similar

The nurse researcher should strive for subjects to demonstrate homogeneity with respect to which variables?

a. Extraneous

b. Dependent

c. Outcome

d. Independent

c. Extraneous variables

**Extraneous variables could affect the dependent variable and are a threat to the internal validity of the study.

To avoid threats to validity, a researcher must identify, plan for, and control what?

a. Independent variables

b. Unexpected findings

c. Extraneous variables

d. The control group

c. Each subject should have an equal chance of being selected.

What must occur for the nurse researcher to randomly select a sample of subjects?

a. Subjects should be grouped according to homogeneity.

b. Subjects who might die or leave the study voluntarily should be eliminated.

c. Each subject should have an equal chance of being selected.

d. Each subject should be selected on the basis of his or her ability to participate.

c. Eliminate bias.

**Randomization eliminates the bias of extraneous variables

The nurse researcher randomly selects subjects in order to do what?

a. Prevent contamination of subjects.

b. Increase the number of participants.

c. Eliminate bias.

d. Control the dependent variables.

c. Whether the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable

**The definition of internal validity is the degree that the experimental treatment, rather than an uncontrolled condition, resulted in the outcomes. External validity asks if the study is generalizable to the larger population.

Internal validity is important to the nurse researcher because it asks what?

a. If the study is generalizable to the larger population

b. Whether study findings are a result of measurement effects

c. Whether the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable

d. If the Hawthorne effect affected the findings

b. History

**this event occurred outside the experimental setting and may have had an effect on the dependent variable

A research study was under way looking at the frequency of mammograms in perimenopausal women. During the study a celebrity was diagnosed with breast cancer. The effect of this event on the research findings is called what?

a. Constancy

b. History

c. Reactivity

d. Maturation

a. Instrumentation

**A bias could be introduced if the six people involved in data collection are not consistent

A researcher decides to use six people to help collect data for a quantitative study. What is a potential threat to the internal validity of this study?

a. Instrumentation

b. Maturation

c. History

d. Selection effects

b. Using a homogeneous sample

c. Randomly selecting subjects

Extraneous variables can be controlled by what? (Select all that apply)

a. Manipulating the dependent variable

b. Using a homogeneous sample

c. Randomly selecting subjects

d. Conducting a pilot test

b. Manipulation of the independent variable

c. An experimental study

Administration of an intervention to one group of subjects and not another is an example of what? (Select all that apply)

a. Homogeneity of subjects

b. Manipulation of the independent variable

c. An experimental study

d. The introduction of bias

a. Maturation

b. History

d. Testing

**Maturation refers to developmental processes within subjects over time. Testing refers to the influence on subjects' responses caused by taking the same test repeatedly. History refers to events that occur outside the experimental setting

A researcher studies the differences in IQ between girls and boys. The researcher tests cohorts of girls and boys in the third grade and then tests the same girls and boys when they are in the sixth grade. Which are threats to internal validity in this study? (Select all that apply)

a. Maturation

b. History

c. Measurement effects

d. Testing

a. Selection effects

b. Reactive effects

**Selection effects, the generalizability of the results to other populations and reactive effects, the subject's response to being studied are both threats to external validity

A group of health care providers are developing a domicilary for homeless Veterans. The group questions if homeless Veterans who have Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus experience a change in their Hemoglobin A1C after living in the domicilary for three months. The researcher studies the difference in Hemaglovine A1C 1 month prior to moving into the domicilary and 3 months after living in the domicilary. Identify the threat to external validity? (Select all that apply.)

a. Selection effects

b. Reactive effects

c. Selection bias

d. Mortality

d. randomization.

The nurse researcher is working with an experimental design in a research project. The design allows each participant to have an equal chance of being assigned to one of several groups. This is known as which of the following?

a. control.

b. selection effect.

c. manipulation.

d. randomization.

c. control.

The nurse researcher is working with an experimental design in a research project. The design allows the researcher to hold conditions constant to limit bias that could influence the dependent variable. This is known as which of the following?

a. manipulation.

b. randomization.

c. control.

d. selection effect.

c. manipulation.

**Manipulation is the process of comparing different types of treatment by manipulating the independent variable for at least some of the involved subjects

The nurse researcher is the principle investigator for a research project and introduces a treatment for some of the project participants. This is known as which of the following?

a. selection effect.

b. control.

c. manipulation.

d. randomization.

b. Time series design

Which design would be most effective when the nurse researcher is interested in deterring trends over time?

a. One-group (pretest-posttest) design

b. Time series design

c. Solomon four-group design

d. After-only nonequivalent control group design

a. One-group (pretest-posttest) design

Which design would be most effective when the nurse researcher needs to collect data before and after an experimental treatment on a group of subjects?

a. One-group (pretest-posttest) design

b. After-only nonequivalent control group design

c. Solomon four-group design

d. Time series design

a. The independent variable chronologically precedes the dependent variable.

b. The relationship cannot be explained by a third variable.

c. The independent and dependent variables are related to each other.

Experimental studies provide the best evidence in support of causal relationship if which of the three criterial can be met? (Select all that apply)

a. The independent variable chronologically precedes the dependent variable.

b. The relationship cannot be explained by a third variable.

c. The independent and dependent variables are related to each other.

d. The independent and dependent variable occur together.

c. Level IV

Non-experimental studies provide what type of evidence?

a. Level V

b. Level II

c. Level IV

d. Level III

d. Comparative

**Comparative studies determine differences between variables. This study did not involve measurement over time. This study did not involve measurement retrospectively. The researcher was not measuring the degree to which the variables covaried.

A study was designed to assess whether motion had an effect on the mood of elderly residents in a nursing home. The researcher examined whether residents who ambulated for an hour every day were more engaged in their environments than those who did not ambulate. This type of study is known as what?

a. Ex post facto

b. Correlational

c. Prospective

d. Comparative

c. A relatively small number of subjects can provide accurate information.

**If a sample is representative of the population, a relatively small number of subjects can provide an accurate picture of the population

What is an advantage of using surveys for data collection?

a. Information can be collected in great depth.

b. Causation can be determined.

c. A relatively small number of subjects can provide accurate information.

d. Large-scale surveys are relatively inexpensive.

a. Examines the relationship between two or more variables.

What is the role of an investigator in a correlational study?

a. Examines the relationship between two or more variables.

b. Evaluates data collection instruments.

c. Determines a cause-and-effect relationship among variables.

d. Uses each subject as his or her own control

c. Developmental studies

**Investigators who use developmental studies are concerned with changes that result from elapsed time

Which type of study is concerned specifically with a time perspective?

a. Causal modeling studies

b. Cross-sectional studies

c. Developmental studies

d. Descriptive studies

a. A cross-sectional study

**Data were collected at one point in time with the same subjects. Prospective studies collect data at various times for a period of time. Ex post facto studies collect data retrospectively. Longitudinal studies collect data retrospectively

Graduates of nursing programs were surveyed 6 months post graduation to determine their perspectives on the adequacy of their nursing education. This is an example of what kind of study?

a. A cross-sectional study

b. A prospective study

c. A longitudinal study

d. An ex post facto study

d. To explain the relationships among variables to establish predictive or causal links

Why are predictive models used?

a. To synthesize findings from randomized clinical trials to test the effectiveness of an intervention

b. To generalize findings from non-experimental studies

c. To develop measurement techniques to establish causal relationships

d. To explain the relationships among variables to establish predictive or causal links

d. To use the research process to develop tools or techniques for use in measurement

Why are psychometrics used?

a. To analyze data collected for another purpose

b. To interpret research data to determine cause-and-effect relationships

c. To combine data from multiple research studies and summarize their findings

d. To use the research process to develop tools or techniques for use in measurement

d. Descriptive longitudinal

**The study is descriptive because the researcher is measuring characteristics of the variable "frequency of medical errors" and longitudinal because data are being collected from one cohort of subjects repeatedly over time

A researcher explored the nursing practice of new graduates to measure the frequency of medical errors they made over time. A cohort of new graduates was surveyed at 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year post graduation. Which design best describes this study?

a. Comparative descriptive

b. Correlational predictive

c. Retrospective correlational

d. Descriptive longitudinal

c. Cross-sectional

Which type of study would be classified as a developmental study?

a. Correlational

b. Exploratory

c. Cross-sectional

d. Descriptive

b. Developmental

**A longitudinal study is a developmental study, not a survey, correlational study, or experimental study

Which type of study would be classified as a longitudinal study?

a. Correlational

b. Developmental

c. Experimental

d. Survey

a. Developmental

Which type of study is an ex post facto study?

a. Developmental

b. Correlational

c. Survey

d. Experimental

d. Survey

Which type of study is a comparative study?

a. Experimental

b. Developmental

c. Correlational

d. Survey

c. Developmental

Which type of study is a case-control study?

a. Correlational

b. Survey

c. Developmental

d. Experimental

a. Developmental

Which type of study is a cohort study?

a. Developmental

b. Correlational

c. Survey

d. Experimental

a. Cigarette smoking

The nurse researcher is designing an ex post facto study that uses cigarette smokers and non-smokers. In such a study, the independent variable for the experimental group is considered to be what?

a. Cigarette smoking

b. Lack of cigarette smoking

c. Absence of lung cancer

d. Lung cancer

b. Non-experimental designs are used to test relationships among variables.

c. Non-experimental designs can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time.

Which statements are true about non-experimental designs? (Select all that apply)

a. In non-experimental studies, subjects are randomly selected.

b. Non-experimental designs are used to test relationships among variables.

c. Non-experimental designs can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time.

d. In non-experimental studies, the independent variable is manipulated.

b. Cohort studies

c. Repeated measures studies

d. Prospective studies

What is another name for longitudinal studies? (Select all that apply)

a. Ex post facto studies

b. Cohort studies

c. Repeated measures studies

d. Prospective studies

e. All of the above

What are potential disadvantages of conducting longitudinal studies? (Select all that apply)

a. Sample bias

b. The Hawthorne effect

c. Internal validity threat of testing

d. Subject loss as a result of attrition

e. All of the above

c. Case-control studies

d. Ex post facto studies

What is another name for retrospective studies? (Select all that apply)

a. Repeated measures studies

b. Cohort studies

c. Case-control studies

d. Ex post facto studies

b. Subjects were not randomly assigned to groups.

c. The independent variable was not manipulated.

A nurse researcher demonstrated that cigarette smoking appeared to be a determinant of lung cancer. The researcher was unable to conclude that a causal relationship exists between cigarette smoking and lung cancer because of which reason? (Select all that apply)

a. The causal event did not occur before the effect event.

b. Subjects were not randomly assigned to groups.

c. The independent variable was not manipulated.

d. The researcher did not have a high level of control.

a. Cross-sectional

b. Correlational

c. Developmental

Which studies are classified as relationship-difference studies? (Select all that apply)

a. Cross-sectional

b. Correlational

c. Developmental

d. Descriptive

e. Comparative

f. Exploratory

d. Migrant farmworker women in Georgia

A research study explored the meaning of health for migrant farmworker women in a southern state. A convenience sample of 20 migrant farmworker women was surveyed. What is the population of this study?

a. Migrant farmworkers in Georgia

b. Migrant farmworker women

c. Migrant farmworkers

d. Migrant farmworker women in Georgia

b. Characteristics that limit the population to a homogenous group of subjects

Inclusion or eligibility criteria and exclusion criteria or deliminations define which of the following?

a. The accessible population

b. Characteristics that limit the population to a homogenous group of subjects

c. The hypothesis

d. The question

a. Convenience

In a nationwide study, a researcher collected blood samples from patients who had been diagnosed with clinical depression. The researcher also collected blood samples from each patient's nuclear family. Which sample technique did the researcher most likely use?

a. Convenience

b. Purposive

c. Random

d. Quota

a. An accessible population

Which population meets criteria for being most available for study?

a. An accessible population

b. A representative population

c. A convenience sample

d. A target population

a. Representativeness

**Representativeness is the most important characteristic of a sample. A sample must have characteristics that are similar to the larger population

What is the most important characteristic of a sample?

a. Representativeness

b. Delimitation

c. Accessibility

d. Purposiveness

a. Quota

Which of the following is a type of nonprobability sampling?

a. Quota

b. Simple random

c. Stratified random

d. Multistage

a. Convenience sampling

**individuals willing to participate may do so because of their strong feelings about the topic being studied

Voluntary participation in a study may result in a sample that feels strongly about the issue being studied. This issue occurs in which type of sampling method?

a. Convenience sampling

b. Probability sampling

c. Stratified random sampling

d. Cluster sampling

d. External validity

A quota sampling technique introduces what type of bias?

a. Internal validity

b. Content validity

c. Face validity

d. External validity

a. When a highly unusual group is being studied

**When few people meet the selection criteria, researchers often form a sample from all those eligible people who are willing to participate

When is purposive sampling most useful?

a. When a highly unusual group is being studied

b. When many subjects drop out of a study before it is completed

c. When few people are willing to participate

d. When members of the target population are heterogeneous

b. Purposive

Which sampling technique would the researcher most likely use to study specific characteristics of adult triplets who were raised separately?

a. Convenience

b. Purposive

c. Random

d. Quota

b. All U.S. hospitals

A random sample of U.S. hospitals is surveyed to discover their nurse-to-patient ratios. What is the sampling frame for this study?

a. All patients of the sample hospitals

b. All U.S. hospitals

c. All nurses hired by hospitals

d. Hospitals responding to the survey

d. Simple random sampling

What sampling technique uses random numbers to select a sample from a list of possible subjects?

a. Non-probability sampling

b. Stratified random sampling

c. Cluster sampling

d. Simple random sampling

c. Cluster sampling

To conduct a practice analysis of nurse aides, a researcher uses the outlined steps below to select a sample of nurse aides: (1) Obtaining a random sample of all hospitals in the United States. (2) Acquiring a list of every aide working in those hospitals. (3) Randomly selecting two aides from each hospital. What is this sampling technique used?

a. Quota sampling

b. Purposive sampling

c. Cluster sampling

d. Stratified random sampling

b. Snowballing

A researcher wanted to conduct a study of depression among men working in executive corporate positions. The researcher located 10 subjects by advertising and then invited each of those subjects to refer their acquaintances who met the study criteria. What is this sampling technique called?

a. Systematic

b. Snowballing

c. Clustering

d. Matching

a. When sample selection is carried out inconsistently

In which of the following conditions would it be most likely for bias to be introduced into a study?

a. When sample selection is carried out inconsistently

b. When the population is homogeneous

c. When probability sampling techniques are used

d. When subjects do not volunteer to participate

d. Convenience

Which sampling strategy is considered to be the easiest in terms of drawing a sample?

a. Stratified random

b. Quota

c. Simple random

d. Convenience

b. Stratified random

Which sampling strategy is considered to be the most time consuming in terms of drawing a sample?

a. Convenience

b. Stratified random

c. Simple random

d. Quota

d. Convenience

Which sampling strategy is considered to have the greatest risk of bias of any strategy?

a. Simple random

b. Quota

c. Stratified random

d. Convenience

d. Cluster

Methods of probability sampling include which of the following?

a. Purposive

b. Quota

c. Convenience

d. Cluster

d. Cluster

Which sampling method is considered to be either less or more time consuming depending on the strata?

a. Purposive

b. Convenience

c. Quota

d. Cluster

c. Convenience

Which sampling strategy has a greater risk of bias as compared to other sampling strategies?

a. Quota

b. Cluster

c. Convenience

d. Purposive

c. Convenience

Which sampling strategy is considered to be the least labor intensive in terms of ease of drawing the sample?

a. Cluster

b. Quota

c. Convenience

d. Purposive

c. Purposive

Which sampling strategy has very limited ability to generalize because the sample is handpicked?

a. Cluster

b. Quota

c. Purposive

d. Convenience

b. Gender

c. Socioeconomic status

**Attributes in subjects were not excluded or included such as gender or socioeconomic status

A nurse conducted a research study that compared patient outcomes (length of hospital stay and perceived knowledge of disease process) in groups of 12-year-old patients with a diagnosis of epilepsy. Which are delimitations of this study? (Select all that apply)

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Socioeconomic status

d. Diagnosis

d. Convenience sampling is the most commonly used method of sampling.

e. Research consumers should be skeptical about the external validity of the finding of studies that used convenience sampling.

Which statements are true about convenience sampling? (Select all that apply)

a. Convenience sampling provides level III evidence.

b. A disadvantage is that it is difficult for the researcher to obtain subjects.

c. Convenience sampling is the strongest non-probability sampling strategy.

d. Convenience sampling is the most commonly used method of sampling.

e. Research consumers should be skeptical about the external validity of the finding of studies that used convenience sampling.

c. Subjects dropping out of the study

d. Sample heterogeneity

What can jeopardize the representativeness of the sample regardless of the technique used? (Select all that apply)

a. A large sample size

b. Equal representation of each sample subset

c. Subjects dropping out of the study

d. Sample heterogeneity

e. Ability to replicate the study population

a. The cost of collecting data

b. The design of the study

d. The type of sampling procedure used

e. Homogeneity of the attributes under investigation

What should be considered when estimating a sample size? (Select all that apply)

a. The cost of collecting data

b. The design of the study

c. The time available for analyzing data

d. The type of sampling procedure used

e. Homogeneity of the attributes under investigation

c. It is manipulated by the researcher.

What is true of an independent variable?

a. It varies with a change in the dependent variable.

b. It is the variable that is predicted to change.

c. It is manipulated by the researcher.

d. It can only be identified by changes in the dependent variable.

d. It specifies how a concept will be measured.

What is true of an operational definition?

a. It is the most abstract definition of a concept.

b. It conveys the general meaning of a concept.

c. It is a dictionary definition.

d. It specifies how a concept will be measured.

a. A journal article about a study that used large, previously unpublished databases generated by the U.S. census

Which is an example of a primary source?

a. A journal article about a study that used large, previously unpublished databases generated by the U.S. census

b. A textbook of medical-surgical nursing

c. A published commentary on the findings of another study

d. A doctoral dissertation that critiques all research in the area of attention deficit disorder

b. Attrition

The nurse researcher finds that subjects drop out of the study before completion of data collection. What is this known as?

a. Selection bias

b. Attrition

c. History

d. Maturation

c. The degree to which findings of a study can be generalized to other populations

External validity is considered to be what?

a. The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment resulted in the observed effects

b. The use of expert opinion to judge the accuracy of an instrument

c. The degree to which findings of a study can be generalized to other populations

d. The degree to which an instrument is said to measure a theoretical construct or trait

a. II

What level of evidence do experimental studies provide?

a. II

b. VII

c. VI

d. IV

c. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups, the dependent variable is measured in both groups, one group receives treatment, and both groups are post-tested.

What occurs in the classic or true experimental design?

a. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups, each group receives treatment or intervention, and then the dependent variable is measured.

b. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups, each group receives a pretest and then treatment or intervention, and each group receives a posttest.

c. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups, the dependent variable is measured in both groups, one group receives treatment, and both groups are post-tested.

d. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups, both groups are given a pretest, one group receives treatment, and the dependent variable is measured in one group.

c. The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment resulted in the observed effects

What is internal validity considered to be?

a. The degree to which findings of a study can be generalized to other populations

b. The use of expert opinion to judge the accuracy of an instrument

c. The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment resulted in the observed effects

d. The degree to which an instrument is said to measure a theoretical construct or trait

d. Sample selection is carried out inconsistently.

Bias is introduced into a study when what occurs?

a. Probability sampling techniques are used.

b. The population is homogeneous.

c. Subjects do not volunteer to participate.

d. Sample selection is carried out inconsistently.

b. The measuring device is affected by the environment.

The precision and sensitivity of physiological measurements are compromised when what occurs?

a. Only one investigator uses a measuring device to collect data.

b. The measuring device is affected by the environment.

c. Equipment is too expensive to obtain and use.

d. Subjects are familiar with the measuring device.

a. Protecting subjects from undue risk

Responsibilities of the institutional review board (IRB) include what?

a. Protecting subjects from undue risk

b. Ensuring that the research design is appropriate

c. Monitoring implementation of the study

d. Overseeing sample selection

b. Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?

Which critical appraisal question would be categorized as applicability to nursing practice?

a. Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research questions?

b. Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?

c. Given the level of evidence suggested by the research question, hypothesis, and design, what is the potential applicability to practice?

d. What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?

a. What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?

Which critical appraisal question would be categorized as pertaining to internal and external validity?

a. What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?

b. Given the level of evidence suggested by the research question, hypothesis, and design, what is the potential applicability to practice?

c. Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?

d. Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research questions?

d. Is it clear why the proposed study is being done?

The nurse researcher is critiquing a research study regarding its significance. The critical appraisal question that is applicable to the significance of a study is what?

a. Have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?

b. Does the search strategy include an appropriate and adequate number of databases and other resources to identify key published and unpublished research and theoretical resources?

c. Is there an appropriate theoretical/conceptual framework that guides development of the research study?

d. Is it clear why the proposed study is being done?

b. data collection.

The section of the research report that contains information on the physiological measurements utilized is

a. legal-ethical issues.

b. data collection.

c. conclusions, implications, and recommendations.

d. review of the literature.

d. review of the literature.

The section of the research report that contains information on the appropriateness of the theoretical/conceptual framework utilized is

a. legal-ethical issues.

b. data collection.

c. conclusions, implications, and recommendations.

d. review of the literature.

b. conclusions.

The section of the research report that contains information on the study's weaknesses and threats to internal and external validity is

a. legal-ethical issues.

b. conclusions.

c. review of the literature.

d. data collection.

d. data collection.

The section of the research report that discusses how observers were trained and supervised to minimize bias is

a. legal-ethical issues.

b. review of the literature.

c. conclusions, implications, and recommendations.

d. data collection.

b. It is the most commonly used method of sampling.

c. It causes research consumers to be skeptical about the external validity of the findings.

Which statements are true about convenience sampling? (Select all that apply)

a. It provides level III evidence.

b. It is the most commonly used method of sampling.

c. It causes research consumers to be skeptical about the external validity of the findings.

d. It is the strongest non-probability sampling strategy.

a. Random selection of subjects

b. Few threats to validity

d. A representative sample

The generalizability of study findings can be enhanced by what? (Select all that apply)

a. Random selection of subjects

b. Few threats to validity

c. Small sample size

d. A representative sample

c. Test-retest reliability

d. Parallel reliability

**The KR-20 coefficient measures the homogeneity of an instrument. Cronbach's alpha measures the homogeneity of an instrument.

Tests that are used to estimate the stability of an instrument include what? (Select all that apply)

a. Cronbach's alpha

b. Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) coefficient

c. Test-retest reliability

d. Parallel reliability

a. Are used to test relationships among variables.

c. Can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time.

Which statements are true about non-experimental designs? (Select all that apply)

a. Are used to test relationships among variables.

b. The independent variable is manipulated.

c. Can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time.

d. Subjects are randomly selected.

b. Data must not be influenced by the people collecting data.

Why must data-collection methods be objective?

a. Every variable must be measurable.

b. Data must not be influenced by the people collecting data.

c. Data must be collected in the same way throughout the study.

d. The researcher must clearly define each dependent variable.